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THE 


(Booft  of  (Ua^um 

A  NEW  METRICAL  TRANSLATION 

WITH   AN   INTRODUCTION 

Restoration    of   the    Hebrew    Text 

and 

Explanatory  and  Critical  Notes 


PAUL  HAUPT,  LLD. 

W.  W.  Spence  Professor  of  the  Semitic  Languages 

in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University 

Baltimore,  Md. 


THE  JOHNS  HOPKINS  PRESS 
1907 


Reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  Biblical  Literature 
Vol.  XXVI,  Part  I,  1907 


The  Book  of  Nahum  * 

PAUL   HAUPT,    LL.D. 

JOHNS    HOPKINS    UNIVEBSITY 

IN  my  address  on  Purim,  which  I  delivered  at  our  meet- 
ing last  year,^  I  showed  that  the  incidents  related  in  the 
Book  of  Esther  were  suggested  by  the  sufferings  of  the  Jews 
during  the  Syrian  persecution  and  their  glorious  victory  over 
Nicanor  on  the  13*^  of  Adar,  161  B.C.  I  have  recently  come 
to  the  conclusion  that  the  Book  of  Nahum  is  a  liturgical  com- 
pilation for  the  celebration  of  that  victory.  He  that  dashes 
in  pieces  is  come  up  before  thy  face,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
second  chapter  of  Nahum,  refers  to  Judas  Maccabseus ;  the 
Authorized  Version  gives  the  correct  rendering  hammer^  in 
the  margin.  The  wicked  counselor  that  imagineth  evil  against 
the  Lord  (1  ii)  is  Nicanor,  and  instead  of  the  clause  trans- 
lated in  the  Authorized  Version:  that  no  more  of  thy  name 
he  sown  (1 14)  we  must  read :  thy  remains  shall  he  scattered. 
Judas  Maccabseus  gibbeted  the  head  and  the  right  arm  of 
Nicanor,  and  the  tongue  of  this  thrice-guilty  wretch  was  cut 
up  and  given  to  the  birds  (2  Mace.  15  33). 

The  Book  of  Nahum  is  not  a  prophecy,  but  a  liturgical 
collection  of  four  poems.  The  first  two  poems  are  Macca- 
bean,  but  the  last  two  were  written  by  a  Hebrew  poet  who 

*  President's  address  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Society  of  Biblical 
Literature  and  Exegesis,  New  York,  Dec.  27,  1906. 

1 


2  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

saw  the  fall  of  Nineveh  in  606  B.C.  The  tradition  that 
Nahum  the  Elkoshite  was  born  and  buried  at  Elkosh^  a 
large  Christian  village  about  27  miles  north  of  Mosul,  cannot 
be  traced  beyond  the  sixteenth  century.  The  fact  that  the 
tomb  of  Nahum  is  shown  at  Elk6sh,  and  that  it  is  held  in 
great  reverence  by  Mohammedans  and  Christians,  and  espe- 
cially by  the  Jews,  is  no  more  conclusive  than  the  tradition 
that  the  prophet  Jonah  is  buried  in  Nineveh  on  the  top  of  the 
mound  known  as  Nahi  Yunus,  south  of  the  Acropolis  of  Nine- 
veh, now  called  Kouyunjik,  which  contains  the  palaces  of 
Sennacherib,  Esarhaddon,  and  Sardanapalus  with  the  famous 
cuneiform  library  which  was  discovered  byHormuzd  Ras- 
sam  in  1854.^  Nevertheless,  Nahum  may  have  been  in  As- 
syria at  the  time  of  the  fall  of  Nineveh.  Wellhausen's 
statement  that  Nahum  must  have  been  a  Judean  is  untenable ; 
the  references  to  Judah  occur  in  the  Maccabean  sections. 
The  line  :  O  Judah  !  keep  thy  feasts  !  perform  thy  vows  ! 
at  the  beginning  of  the  second  chapter,  emphasizes  the  fact 
that  the  Syrians,  after  the  glorious  victories  of  Judas  Mac- 
cabteus,  are  no  longer  able  to  interfere  with  the  observance 
of  the  Jewish  rites.  In  the  Maccabean  sections  Nineveh,  the 
capital  of  Assyria,  is  a  poetic  designation  of  the  Seleucidan 
Kingdom,  just  as  Maccabean  poets  call  Judea  Jacob  or  Joseph,'^ 
or  as  Latin  poets  call  the  Romans  Dardanians  or  Teucrians. 
Syria  is  nothing  but  a  shortened  form  of  Assyria,  and  As- 
syrian is  merely  an  older  local  variety  of  Syriac.  What  we 
call  Syriac  is  the  dialect  of  Edessa  in  Northwestern  Mesopo- 
tamia ;  see  Crit.  Notes  on  Judges  (SBOT)  p.  66,  n.  *. 

In  several  passages  of  the  Old  Testament  the  Seleucidan 
Kingdom  is  called  Assyria.  In  Psalm  137  8  it  is  called  a 
Daughter  of  Babylon,^  and  instead  of  Sons  of  Edom  (v.  7)  we 
must  read  Sons  of  Aram,  i.e.  Syrians,  just  as  we  must  substi- 
tute Bath-Ardm,  i.e.  Sorts  of  Aram,  Syrians,  for  Bath-Ed6m^ 
Edomites,  at  the  end  of  the  fourth  poem  in  the  Maccabean 
elegies  commonly  known  as  the  Lamentations  of  Jeremiah.^ 
The  enemies  addressed  in  Lam.  4  21  are  said  to  dwell  in  the 
land  of  Uz,  the  home  of  Job.  Friedrich  Delitzsch 
showed  more  than  twenty  years  ago  that  Uz  was  mentioned 


HAUPT:  THE  BOOK  OF  NAHUM  3 

in  the  Monolith  Inscription  of  Shalmaneser  (860-825)  as  a 
region  neav Patin,  i.e.  the  district  north  of  the  Lake  of  Anti- 
och.  Uz  must  be  the  region  of  Antioch,  the  new  capital  of 
the  Seleucids,  which  was  founded  about  300  b.c.^  The  piti- 
ful condition  of  Jerusalem  bewailed  in  the  Book  of  Lamen- 
tations was  the  result  of  the  destruction  of  the  holy  city  by 
Antiochus  Epiphanes'  commissioner  Apollonius  in  168  B.C. 
(1  Mace.  1  31). 

Josephus,  who  gives  a  paraphrase  of  Nah.  2  8-i3  in  his 
Jewish  Antiquities  (ix  11  3)  believed  that  Nahum  prophe- 
sied 115  years  before  the  destruction  of  Nineveh  ;  but 
Nahum's  poem  on  the  fall  of  Nineveh  is  the  description  of 
a  contemporary,  if  not  an  eye-witness.  The  second  part  of 
the  title  of  the  Book  of  Nahum,  7^e  Vision  of  Nahum  the 
Elkoshite^  belongs  to  the  fourth  poem  describing  the  fall  of 
Nineveh,  while  the  first  part,  The  Utterance  on  Nineveh,  should 
be  prefixed  to  the  third  poem  predicting  the  fall  of  Nineveh. 
The  Vision  of  Nahum  was  composed  after  the  fall  of  Nineveh 
in  606,  and  the  Utterance  on  Nineveh  was  written  after  the 
invaders  had  begun  the  long  siege  of  the  great  capital  of 
Assyria  —  the  strongest  fortress  of  Western  Asia. 

The  siege  of  Nineveh  is  said  to  have  lasted  for  more  than 
two  years.  The  Assyrians  were  no  doubt  as  brave  as  lions, 
and  the  statement  in  Nah.  3 13,  generally  translated  Thy 
people  in  the  midst  of  thee  are  women,  is  incorrect :  instead 
of  nasim,  women,  we  must  read  nassim,  we  will  destroy  (or 
iassimu,  they  will  destroy)  from  samdm,  to  destroy,  as  in  the 
old  song  celebrating  a  victory  over  Moab,  Num.  21  30,  where 
the  LXX  renders  :   ai  jvvaiKe'i. 

Diodorus  of  Sicily  (2  23)  states  that  Sardanapalus,  the  last 
king  of  Assyria,  lived  like  a  woman,  and  finally  burned  him- 
self with  his  harem  and  his  treasures  on  a  huge  pyre.  But 
we  know  now  that  Sardanapalus  (or  Assur-hdni-pal)  was  a 
warlike  king  who  showed  his  valor  in  many  a  battle  and  in 
hunting  fierce  lions  and  other  wild  beasts.  He  died  in  625, 
nearly  twenty  years  before  the  fall  of  Nineveh.  I  pointed 
out  more  than  twenty  years  ago  (ZK  2  282)  that  this  legend 
was  due  to  a  confusion  of  Assur-bani-pal  with  his  rebellious 


4  JOURNAL  OP   BIBLICAL  LITERATURE 

brother  Sama§-sum-ukin  who  perished  in  the  flames  of  burn- 
ing Babylon. 

We  know  now  from  the  stele  of  the  last  king  of  Babylon 
(555-538)  Nabonidus,  which  Father  Scheil  discovered  in 
1895,  during  his  excavations  at  Babylon,  that  Nebuchadnez- 
zar's father,  Nabopolassar  (625-604)  took  no  part  in  the 
destruction  of  Nineveh.  He  was  allied  with  the  ummdn- 
manda,  i.e.  the  northeastern  barbarians,  and  helped  to  destroy 
the  Assyrian  empire  ;  but  the  fall  of  Nineveh  was  due  to  the 
ummdn-manda.  This  tallies  with  Herodotus'  statement  that 
the  Medes  captured  Nineveh  and  subdued  Assyria  except 
the  Babylonian  portion.  Nabonidus  regards  the  destruction 
of  Nineveh  as  a  divine  retribution  for  Sennacherib's  devasta- 
tion of  Babylon  (KAT^,  105). 

According  to  Diodorus  there  was  an  old  oracle  stating 
that  no  one  would  be  able  to  capture  Nineveh,  unless  the 
river  should  turn  against  the  city.  After  the  Medes  had 
besieged  Nineveh  for  two  years,  there  were  incessant  rains, 
so  that  finally  the  Euphrates  flooded  a  part  of  the  city  and 
tore  down  twenty  stadia  of  the  city  wall.  Now  we  know,  of 
course,  that  Nineveh  was  not  situated  on  the  Euphrates,  but 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Tigris,  although  there  are  a  good 
many  college  graduates  who  do  not  know  whether  Nineveh 
was  situated  on  the  Euphrates  or  on  the  Tigris,  and  whether 
the  Tigris  is  east  or  west  of  the  Euphrates.  However,  even 
the  Tigris  could  not  have  submerged  Nineveh,  because  the 
bed  of  the  Tigris  is  too  low.  The  Tigris  may  have  flooded 
Calah,  but  not  Nineveh. 

Nineveh  was  situated  in  a  plain  enclosed  by  four  rivers,'^ 
viz.  Tigris,  Upper  Zab,  Khazir,  and  Gomel.  This  plain  of 
Nineveh  resembles  in  some  respects  Manhattan  Island.  The 
North  River  would  correspond  to  the  Tigris,  the  East  River  to 
the  Khazir,  Harlem  River  to  the  Gomel,  and  the  Bay  of  New 
York,  between  the  North  and  the  East  Rivers,  to  the  Zab. 
If  we  assume  that  Central  Park  represents  Nineveh^  Harlem 
would  represent  Behohoth  Ir,  Trinity  Church  Calah,  and 
Twenty-third  Street  Resen.  Hoboken  would  correspond 
to   the   modern  Mosul  on   the  western   side  of  the  Tifi^ris. 


HAUPT  :  THE  BOOK  OF  NAHUM  5 

The  length  of  Central  Park  is  about  2|  miles,  and  Nineveh 
extended  about  2^  miles  on  the  river  side  of  the  Tigris. 
The  eastern  wall  was  nearly  3  miles  long,  the  northern 
measured  1^,  and  the  southern  about  a  thousand  feet.  The 
area  of  Central  Park  is  about  840  acres,  while  Nineveh  was 
more  than  twice  as  large,  about  1800  acres.  It  had  a  cir- 
cumference of  7|^  miles  and  may  have  contained  a  population 
of  300,000. 

According  to  Baedeker,  it  takes  but  four  or  five  hours 
to  go  around  the  city ;  not  three  days,  as  stated  in  the  Book 
of  Jonah. ^  Jonah  might  have  traversed  the  whole  plain  of 
Nineveh,  from  Rehoboth  Ir  to  Calah,  in  one  day.  The  plain 
of  Nineveh  was  about  25  miles  long  and  14  miles  wide,  while 
the  length  of  Manhattan  is  14  miles,  and  its  greatest  width 
2^.  Nineveh,  Calah,  Rehoboth  Ir,  and  Resen  never  formed 
one  city.  There  are  no  traces  of  a  common  wall  for  this 
tetrapolis.  Rehoboth  Ir  seems  to  be  identical  with  Dur-Sar- 
ruken  which  Sargon,  the  father  of  Sennacherib,  built  about 
the  end  of  his  reign  (722-705).  Colonel  Billerbeck's  theory ^ 
that  Rehoboth  Ir  is  represented  by  the  modern  Mosul  is  not 
probable.  Dur-Sarruken,  the  modern  Khorsabdd,  is  about  five 
hours  north  of  Nineveh,  and  Calah,  the  present  Nimrud,  south 
of  Nineveh,  may  be  reached  in  seven  hours.  Khorsabdd 
stands  for  Kliosrabdd,  i.e.  City  of  Khusrau  or  Chosroes ;  see 
Max,  Freiherr  von  Oppenheim,  Vom  Mittelmeer  zum  Per- 
sischen  Crolf,  vol.  ii  (Berlin,  1900)  p.  180;  cf.  Haupt,  Bi- 
blische  Liebeslieder  (Leipzig,  1907)  Addenda  to  p.  48,  n.  13. 

Dur-Sarruken  in  the  north  was  close  to  the  sources  of  the 
Hitsur.  It  covered  the  road  to  Nineveh  and  protected  the 
water-supply  of  the  capital.  Nahum  says  in  3  14  :  Draw  thee 
waters  for  a  siege  !  This  does  not  refer  to  boiling  water  to 
be  poured  down  on  the  besiegers,  as  Col.  Billerbeck  sup- 
poses ;  ^  nor  does  it  mean :  Fill  the  moats  protecting  the 
city !  1^  We  must  remember  that  the  water  of  the  Tigris 
is  not  drinkable;  even  the  water  of  the  wells  within  the 
city  and  outside  is  brackish  and  full  of  gypsum.  The  water 
of  the  Husur,  on  the  other  hand,  is  excellent.  Sennacherib 
(705-681)  states  in  the  inscription  on  the  rocks  of  Bavian 


6  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

(a  Kurdish  village  northeast  of  Khorsabad)  that  before  he 
built  the  pdti  Sin-ahS-Srba,^^  the  Sennacherib  conduit  (which 
may  be  compared  to  the  Croton  aqueduct)  the  people  of 
Nineveh  depended  on  the  rain  water :  ana  zunnS  tiq  samS 
turrufd  indsun. 

The  Husur,  now  called  Khosar,  flows  in  a  southward  direc- 
tion from  Khorsabad  to  the  middle  of  the  eastern  wall  of 
Nineveh ;  '^  thence  it  passed  westward  through  the  centre  of 
Nineveh,  emptying  into  the  Tigris  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Acropolis  now  known  as  KouyunjikJ  Most  of  the  buildings 
disinterred  at  Kouyunjik  have  suffered  from  fire ;  several  of 
the  cuneiform  tablets  from  the  library  of  Sardanapalus  are 
half  burnt  and  blistered,  e.g.  some  of  the  fragments  of  the 
cuneiform  account  of  the  Deluge,  especially  the  greenish- 
yellow  fragment  R'^  616,  published  on  p.  120  of  my  edition 
of  the  Babylonian  Nimrod  Epic.  Nahum  says  in  3  15  :  tokh- 
lekh  esh,  fire  will  devour  thee  ! 

The  besiegers,  it  may  be  supposed,  came  from  the  north. 
They  defeated  the  Assyrians  in  a  pitched  battle ;  then  they 
captured  Dur-^arruken  and  the  other  fortified  places  north 
and  east  of  Nineveh.  There  is  no  evidence  of  any  destruction 
at  Khorsabad ;  the  strongholds  may  have  fallen,  as  Nahum 
says,  like  figs  which  fall  into  the  mouth  of  the  eater  when 
they  are  shaken ;  so  the  gates  of  the  land  were  open  unto  the 
enemies.  The  besiegers  were,  of  course,  unable  to  invest  the 
entire  city ;  the  western  side  of  the  Tigris  could  hardly  be 
blockaded,  and  the  fortified  city  of  Calah  prevented  any 
operations  from  the  south.  The  besiegers  seem  to  have 
directed  their  main  attack  against  the  northwestern  corner 
of  Nineveh.  This  is  the  highest  point  in  the  area  of  Nineveh, 
commanding  the  waterworks  from  which  most  of  the  moats 
were  fed.  The  northern  sections  of  the  moats  were  sup- 
plied with  water  by  a  canal  which  entered  the  city  from  the 
north,  while  the  moats  south  of  the  Husur  were  filled  from 
this  river.  The  moat  between  the  wall  and  the  eastern  out- 
works was  nearly  150  feet  wide.  It  was  cut  in  the  shell- 
limestone  rock,i2  ^ith  vertical  sides.  Even  now  the  depth 
is  about  13  feet.     There  is  a  srreat  breach  at  the  northern 


HATJPT  :    THE  BOOK   OF  NAHUM  7 

end  of  the  eastern  wall,  and  more  than  2000  feet  of  the  moat 
are  filled  with  rubbish. 

After  having  captured  Dur-Sarruken  and  the  other  fortified 
places  north  and  east,  the  besiegers  could  cut  off  the  water 
supply  of  Nineveh.  At  the  point  in  the  eastern  enceinte 
where  the  Husur  enters  the  city  there  are  three  great  dams. 
If  these  flood-gates  were  destroyed  by  the  enemy,  the  Husur, 
swelled  by  the  melting  snow  in  the  spring,  and  not  diverted 
into  the  moats  and  ditches,  may  have  flooded  the  city,  so 
that  Nineveh,  as  Nahum  says,  was  like  a  pool  of  water.  The 
Husur  with  its  unchecked  spring-floods  may  have  under- 
mined the  southern  portion  of  the  Acropolis,  the  mound  of 
Kouyunjik,  so  that,  as  Nahum  says,  the  palace  was  tottering. 
This  catastrophe  was  not  unprecedented  :  Sennacherib  states 
that  the  stream  had  once  damaged  the  southern  side  of  the 
Acropolis,  where  he  afterwards  erected  his  palace,  so  that 
the  coffins  of  the  kings  who  had  been  buried  there  were 
exposed. 

I  must  omit  a  number  of  comments  on  the  fortifications  of 
Nineveh  and  the  final  capture.^  I  will  give,  in  conclusion,  a 
new  metrical  translation  of  the  four  poems  contained  in  the 
Book  of  Nahum.i^ 

The  first  poem  is  an  alphabetical  psalm  which  originally 
consisted  of  11  couplets  or  22  7neshalim,  i.e.  hemistichal  pairs, 
with  three  beats  in  each  hemistich.  The  last  seven  meshalim 
were  not  quoted  by  the  compiler  of  this  festal  liturgy  for  the 
celebration  of  the  great  victory  of  Judas  Maccabeeus  over 
Nicanor  in  161,  probably  because  they  did  not  suit  his  pur- 
pose. The  first  part  of  the  psalm  describes  the  irresistible 
power  of  Jhvh  who  is  kind  to  those  who  believe  on  Him, 
but  who  wreaks  vengeance  on  His  foes.  Jhvh  manifests 
Himself  in  thunder-storms.  He  whirls  up  thunder-clouds, 
just  as  the  march  of  an  army  is  marked  by  clouds  of  dust. 
The  Cherubim  personify  the  thunder-clouds,  and  the  Sera- 
phim the  flashes  of  lightning.^* 

It  is  interesting  to  note  in  this  connection  that  Xeno- 
phon  states,  the  besiegers  could  not  capture  Nineveh,  but 
Zeus  terrified  the  inhabitants  by  a  thunder-storm,  and  thus 


8  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITlfRATURE 

the  city  was  taken.  Xenophon's  account  is  very  inaccurate. 
He  does  not  mention  the  name  of  Nineveh,  only  Larissa  and 
Mespila}^  Moreover,  he  says  that  the  city  was  inhabited  by 
the  Medes  and  besieged  by  the  Persians  ;  but  he  refers  to  the 
Queen  of  the  besieged  king,  just  as  Nahum  does,  and  alludes 
to  some  cataclysm  which  brought  about  the  fall  of  Nineveh. 
Xenophon  (^Anabasis^  iii  4?)  speaks  of  a  great  city  in 
ruins,  situated  on  the  Tigris,  formerly  inhabited  by  the 
Medes.  The  King  of  the  Persians  could  not  capture  it ; 
but  there  appeared  a  cloud  which  veiled  the  sun  and  fright- 
ened the  inhabitants  so  that  they  left  the  city.  A  day's 
journey  from  Larissa  there  was  a  large  castle  (T€t;^o9  = 
Assyr.  dUru)  in  ruins,  near  a  city  called  Mespila.^^  The 
Queen  of  the  King  of  the  Medes  fled  there  when  the  Medes 
were  subdued  by  the  Persians.  The  King  of  the  Persians 
besieged  the  city  for  a  long  time,  but  could  not  capture  it. 
Finally  Zeus  frightened  the  inhabitants  by  a  thunder-storm, 
and  thus  the  city  was  captured. 

The  introductory  alphabetic  psalm  in  the  Book  of  Nahum 
may  be  translated  as  follows  : 

THE  BOOK  OF  NAHUM 


i    K  1    2'     A  jealous  «  God  is  Jhvh, 

a  revenger,^  and  full  of  wrath; 
3        3"     Through  whirlwind  and  storm  is  His  path,^* 
the  clouds  are  the  dust  of  His  feet. 

ii     2        4      He  scolds  at  the  sea  —  it  is  arid, 

and  all  the  rivers  He  empties ; 
*7  (Even)  Basan  and  Carmel  languish, 

the  blossoms  of  Lebanon  wither. 

iii     n        6      The  mountains  quake  before  Him, 

the  hills  (at  once  start  to)  totter; 
*\  The  earth  before  Him  crashes,'^ 

the  world  and  all  therein  dwelling. 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum 

iv      ?        6      Who  can  endure  His  fury, 

withstand  the  heat  of  His  anger? 
n  His  wrath  fuses  (all  things)  like  fire, 

the  rocks  are  even  set  blazing. 

V    to        7      Kind  is  He  to  those  who  trust  Him, 
a  bulwark  in  days  of  trouble ; 
Of  those  turning  to  Him  He  is  heedful, 
8  He  saves  them  in  floods  overwhelming. 

vi    3  He  exterminates  all  who  oppose  Him, 

His  foes  He  thrusts  into  darkness ; 
7        9"     Not  twice  upon  foes  wreaks  He  vengeance, 
His  work  is  not  done  by  halves  ! " 

vii    153        9*    What  do  ye  devise  against  Jhvh  ? 
3*  y  He  ^  never  condones  an  offense ! 

i        2"     On  His  foes  He  ever  wreaks  vengeance, 
to  enemies  He  ever  bears  hatred. 

viii     D      10      Soaked « though  they  be  as  toss-pots,^ 

like  stubble  the  fire  shall  consume  them !  ^ 

<«  ************** 

************* 


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(a)  1     2    that  is,  a  revenger  (/3)   is  Jhvh 

(7)        3^  Long-suffering  but  powerful  is  Jhvh,  and  (5)  3»  Jhvh 

(e)        10    if  they  soak  (f)  tangled  (thorns)  18 


10  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

The  second  poem,  which  describes  the  overthrow  of  the 
Seleucidan  Kingdom^  consists  of  three  six-line  stanzas  with 
3+2  beats  in  each  hemistichal  pair.  The  city  addressed 
is  Antioch,  the  capital  of  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom.  The 
bewitching  seductress  is  Hellenic  culture. 

II 

13      10  woe  to  the  city  of  blood,^^ 
of  lies  and  outrage !  '^ 

4  Because  of  the  many  seductions 

of  the  ^  charming  seductress  y 

5  Behold !  I  fall  upon  thee,^^ 

says  Jhvh  Sabaoth : 
I  uncover  thy  skirts  to  affront  thee, 
exposing  ^  thy  shame ;  ^ 

6  Disgrace  I'll  cast  upon  thee,^ 

I'll  make  thee  a  show !  •» 

7  They'll  cry  :  Laid  waste  is  Nineveh/^ 

but  who  bemoans  her  ?  ^ 

ii     1     11       From  thee/^  behold,  there  came 
\  a  plotter  of  mischief,  \  ^ 
Devising  harm  against  Jhvh  I  \ 

14  who '  decreed  against  him :  ^ 
[*  Thy  burial  will  I  make  vile,] 

thy  remains  shall  ^  be  scattered !  ** 
In  the  temples  of  thy  gods  I'll  ruin 

idols  carved  and  molten.  [  ] 
2       1       A  Hammer  ^^  came  up  against  thee, 

now  guard  the  fastness  !  ^" 
Watch  the  way,  make  strong  thy  loins, 

fortify  thee  well ! 

iii     1     12    "  How  high  the  tide  was  soever,^ 
f  it  has  ebbed  and  subsided.** 

15  Behold  there  strides  o'er  the  mountains "" 

the  herald  of  peace !  p 
0  Judah !  keep  thy  feasts  ! 
perform  thy  vows ! 
«^  He'll  nevermore  pass  "^  through  thee, 
cut  off  and  ended.* 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  11 

2       2       The  glory  of  Jacob  "  reblossoraed/*  * 
Israel's  vine,^ 
However  much  wasted  the  wasters 
destroying  their  branches. 

(a)  3     1  preying  does  not  cease                                                   (^)  4  graceful 

(7)  4  With  seductions  cheating  the  nations        and  clans  with  her  charms. 

(5)  5  to  the  nations  (e)  that  is,  thy  disgrace  to  the  kingdoms 
(f)  6  that  is,  I  vilify  thee 

(7;)         7  All  who  see  thee  ■will  flee  from  thee 

(6)  Whence  shall  I  for  thee  seek  the  mourners  ? 

(t)  1  14  Jhvh        (k)  yea        (X)  not  2  5  be  mentioned        (fx)  1  14  again 

(v)  12  Thus  says  Jhvh  :  and  so                                                     (^)  and  so 

(0)  I  humbled  thee,  but  ne'er  again  ! 

13  His  sceptre  xx  nov?  will  I  break,        his  bonds  I'll  burst ! 

(tt)  15  he  who  brings  good  tidings 

(p)  2  14  and  no  more  will  be  heard  the  voice  of  thy  envoys 

(a")  1  15  Mischief                                                                                  (t)  again 

(i;)  2    2  through  Jhvh                                   (0)  3  on  the  day  He  restored  it 

(xx)     1    13  over  thee 

The  third,  poem,  entitled  T7ie  Utterance  on  Nineveh,  and 
composed  of  two  seven-line  stanzas  with  2  +  2  beats  in  each 
hemistichal  pair,  was  written  by  Nahum,  an  Israelitish  poet 
in  Assyria,  after  the  Medes  had  begun  their  long  siege  of 
Nineveh,  about  607  B.C.  The  hundred-gated  Thebes  (iVb- 
Amon^  in  Egypt  fell  in  663,  although  her  position  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Nile  was  just  as  strong  as  the  great 
fortress  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Tigris,  and  although 
Thebes  was  aided  by  Egypt,  Ethiopia,  Libya,  &c.  Assyria 
has  no  allies.  The  doom  of  Nineveh  is  sealed,  even  if  she 
plies  the  brickmold  to  strengthen  her  bulwarks.  Her  water- 
supply  is  cut  off ;  she  must  drink  the  cup  of  fury. 

Ill 

1       1"  The  Utterance  on  Nineveh 

13       8  Art  thou  better  than  No  * 

on  the  banks  of  the  Nile,^ 
Y  Whose  rampart  the  River, 
whose  wall  the  water  ? 


12  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

9  With  Cusli  to  abet  her,« 

« and  Libya  ^  to  aid  ? 
10  Even  she  had  to  go 

into  exile  and  bondage ; 
>»  Her  babes  were  shattered 

at  the  corners  of  *  streets ; 
And  for  her  nobles 
lots  were  cast; 
And  all  her  great  ones 

were  shackled  in  chains. 

ii  11  Thou  also  shalt  drink 

until  overcome ! ' 

14  The  water  for  a  siege 

draw  for  thyself ! 

{I Go  into  the  miid,^« 

and  handle  the  brickmold !  |  * } 
15"         Though  as  thick  as  locusts,*^ 

as  many  as  "  grasshoppers :  f 
15*         Fire  will  devour  thee,[°] 
the  sword  destroy !  [] 
12        "  Thy  forts  will  be  figtrees, 

fpthy  people}  firstripe  figs," 
13"         Thy  bars  burnt  with  fire/ 
13*  { I  they'll  make  havoc  within  thee ! 

The  following  four  hemistichal  pairs  are  a  Maccabean  ap- 
pendix alluding  to  the  overwhelming  defeat  of  the  Syrians 
on  Nicanor's  Day  in  161  B.C.  The  entire  Syrian  army  was 
annihilated.  The  leaders  and  heroes  of  the  King  of  Assyria, 
i.e.  Syria,  sleep  the  sleep  of  death.  The  Maccabean  poet 
says : 

18  Tliy  leaders  slumber,'' 

thy  ivorthies  sleep, 
Thy  men  are  scatter ed,'^' 

and  no  one  rallies  them. 

19  Tliy  wreck  is  hopeless, 

thy  wound  is  fatoL 
X  Who  hears  thy  fate, 

claps  hands  with  joy! 'I' 


(a) 

3     8 

(S) 

9 

(r) 

(0 

11 

(-c) 

14 

(m) 

16' 

(") 

17' 

HAUPT:     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  13 

Amon  (j8)  water  around  her  (7)  she 

and  Egypt,  and  there  is  no  end  (e)  Put 

was  there  (»;)  10  even  (d)     all 

Thou  too,  shalt  seek  shelter  from  foes  ! 

Tread  the  clay  !  26  (X)  strengthen  thy  bulwarks  ! 

16^  the  locusts  shed  ^^  and  fly 

17''  They  alight  in  hedges        when  cool  grows  the  day ; 
When  arises  the  sun,      <"i their  place  PP  is  not  known. 
(^)         16*  Thy  traders  outnumber     the  stars  in  the  sky  ; 

17^  Like  grasshoppers  thy       like  crickets  "yy  thy  scribes. 
[charmers,28 
(0)         15*  Like  locusts  will  it  devour  thee  ! 

(ir)        12    all  (p)  13  lo ! 

(<r)        12''  If  shaken,  they  drop         into  the  mouth  of  the  eater  ! 
(t)        13    The  gates  of  the  land        are  ^5  open  to  foes 
(v)         18    O  King  of  Assyria       (4>)  on  the  hills  (x)  19  every  one 

(\f/)  for  whom  has  thy  wickedness  not  continually  affronted  ? 

(aa)  17    they  flee  (/3|3)  where  they  are  (yy)  creakers  ^9  (68)  13  wide 


The  last  poem,  entitled  77ie  Vision  of  Nahum  the  Elkoshite^ 
was  written  after  the  fall  of  Nineveh  in  606.  It  consists  of 
nine  couplets,  which  may  be  grouped  in  three  sections,  with 
3  +  2  beats  in  each  hemistichal  pair,  just  as  in  the  second 
Maccabean  poem.  The  enemies  are  not  named ;  the  besiegers 
are  referred  to  as  their  heroes,  their  warriors,  their  worthies 
(cf.  Jer.  4 13  8  le).  The  poem  describes  the  final  assault.  The 
hemistich  the  mantlets  are  set  up  shows  that  the  storming- 
party  is  close  to  the  fortress.  The  mantlets  (or  pavises')  were 
large  rectangular  screens  with  a  small  horizontal  cover  on  top. 
They  were  more  than  six  feet  high  and  broad  enough  to  cover 
two  or  three  warriors.  These  standing-shields  were  made  of 
planks  or  thick  wickerwork.  They  also  used  a  curved  form, 
shaped  like  the  tusk  of  an  elephant ;  this  was  made  of  osiers 
or  reeds,  and  was  covered  at  the  bottom  and  at  the  top  with 
leather  or  thin  metal  plates.  The  mantlets  were  very  heavy 
and  were  not  used  in  battle ;  they  were  used  exclusively  in 
sieges  when  the  besiegers  had  come  close  to  the  fortress,  not 
more  than  600  feet  from  the  wall.^  Nahum  describes  the 
final  assault  as  follows : 


14  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

IV 

1  1"  The"  Vision  of  Nahum  the  Elkoshite 

A       i  3     2       Hark  !     The  whip !     List !     AVheels  are  rumbling, 
the  steeds  are  neighing ; 
The  chariots  bound  onward, 
3  the  horsemen  leap !  ^ 

ii  Swords  flash,  and  spears  are  glittering ! 

V  in  heaps  lie  corpses  !  ^ 

2  3*      Red  ^  are  the  shields  of  their  ^^  heroes, 

encrimsoned  ^  their  ^^  warriors.  ['] 

iii         5       But  their  ^^  worthies  make  haste  to  her  ^^  wall 
with  mantlets  set  up. 
8"    ^Ho!     Stand!     Ho!     Stand!  they  yell ;=« 
none  ^  faces  about. 

B     iv         6       The  gates  of  the  River  ^  are  opened, 

the  palace  ^'^  is  tottering ! 
S^     A  lake  of  water  is  Nineveh, 

the  flood  overwhelms  her  I 

V        7       Brought  out,  a  captive,  deported 
is  the  King's  (fair)  consort. 
Like  doves  her  maidens  moaning 
and  beating  their  breasts. 

vi        9       Pillage  silver !     Pillage  the  gold  I 
endless  the  store ! 
Bear  off  the  heavy  booty 

of  stuff  that  is  precious  ! 

C    vii       10       Void  is  she,  empty,  and  wasted, 
all  courage  is  melted ; 
The  knees  are  knocking,  and  trembling 
pervades  the  loins. 

viii       11       Where  {now|  is  the  lair  of  the  lions, 
the  den  \  \  of  the  cubs  ? 
''Where*  once  the  '  lion  found  shelter, 
and  none  affrayed  him  ? 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  15 

ix       12     *  That  prowled  to  feed  his  whelps, 

strangled  food  for  his  lionesses, 
And  filled  his  caves  with  prey, 
his  dens  with  rapine  ? 

The  Maccabean  compiler  of  this  festal  liturgy  for  the  cele- 
bration of  Nicanor's  Day  has  appended  to  this  thrilling  old 
poem  a  final  couplet  apostrophizing  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom: 

X       13       Behold !  I  fall  upon  thee, 
says  Jahveh  Sabaoth, 
Thy  lodge  ^^  I'll  burn  with  fire,^ 
and  cut  off  thy  rapine  I  '^ 

(a)  1     lb  book  of  the 

(/3)  2    3b  Like  fire  the  chariot  flashes,  the  horsemen  are  frenzied.""  ff 

4b  Their  aspect  is  like  torches,  they  flash  like  lightnings. ^^ 

4"^  The  chariots  rage  in  the  streets,    rush  over  the  places. 
(7)  3    3    there  is  a  multitude  of  slain  (5)  there  is  no  end  of  carcases 

(e)    2  10    the  faces  of  all  are  aglow  39  (f)  8b  while  they  flee 

(■»?)       11    the  place         (6)  the  lion        (t)  whelp  of  the         (k)  12  the  lion 
(X)       13    and  the  sword  will  devour  thy  cubs  !  (/jl)  from  the  land 

{vv)    a      5    they  stumble  in  their  courses  (|f )  3  3  they  stumble  over  their  carcases  *<> 

NOTES 

(1)  Published  in  the  Johns  Hopkins  contributions  to  Assyriology  =  Bei- 
trdge  zur  Assyriologie  und  semitischen  Sprachtvissenschaft  (BA)  edited  by 
Friedrich  Delitzsch  and  Paul  Haupt,  vol.  vi,  part  2  (Leipzig,  1906). 
Owing  to  the  155  notes  appended  to  that  address  I  could  not  send  the  manu- 
script to  the  Corresponding  Secretary  before  May  2,  and  this  was  too  late  for 
publishing  it  in  the  first  part  of  vol.  xxv  of  the  Journal  of  Biblical  Litera- 
ture, which  was  issued  about  the  beginning  of  September,  1906.  The  refer- 
ences to  JBL  xxv  in  AJSL  xxii  252,  n.  8  and  AJP  xxvii  155,  n.  1  were 
premature. 

(2)  For  the  name  Maccabee  see  note  18  to  my  paper  on  Psalm  23  in  the 
American  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages  (AJSL)  vol.  xxi,  p.  140. 

(3)  See  R.  W.  Rogers,^  History  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria,  vol.  i  (New 
York,  1901)  p.  174;  cf.  Delitzsch's  Assyrian  grammar,  second  edition 
(Berlin,  1906)  p.  2. 

(4)  Cf  e.g.  Obad.  18  and  Psalm  76  ;  see  note  22  to  my  paper  Eine  alt- 
testamentliche  Festliturgie  fur  den  Nikanortag  in  vol.  Ixi  of  the  Zeitschrift 
der  Deutschen  Morgenldndischen  Gesellschaft  (ZDMG)  p.  287. 


16  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

(5)  See  my  paper  on  Psalm  137  in  Peiser's  Orientalistische  Litteratur- 
Zeitung  (OLZ)  February,  1907. 

(0)  Edom  is  a  dialectic  variation  of  Adam.,  Man,  and  Esau  a  dialectic 
variation  of  Osai  (Heb.  'ose)  Maker,  Creator.  Aram  is  a  phonetic  modifi- 
cation of  Adam  ;  cf.  Lat.  arbiter  =  adbiter,  etc.  See  my  paper  Die  Etymo- 
logie  von  Aram  in  vol.  1x1  of  the  Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Morgenldndischen 
Gesellschaft,  p.  194. 

(7)  See  Map  I  in  Col.  Billerbeck's  paper  cited  in  note  9. 

(8)  The  addition  mahldkh  seloseth  idmim  at  the  end  of  Jon.  3  3  is  a  gloss. 
V.  5  of  this  chapter  must  be  inserted  after  v.  8 ;  the  original  sequel  of  v.  4  is 
V.  5  of  chapter  4. 

(9)  Cf.  the  remarks  of  Col.  Billerbeck  in  Delitzsch  and  Haupt's 
Beitrdge  ztir  Assyriologie,  vol.  iii,  pp.  107-188;  also  Geo.  A.  Smith,  Tlie 
Book  of  the  Twelve  Prophets,  vol.  ii  (London,  1898)  pp.  96-102. 

(10)  Assyr.  xirdtika  me  mulli ;  see  Delitzsch's  Assyr.  Handworterbuch 
(Leipzig,  1896)  p.  290^ 

(11)  See  Delitzsch's  Handworterbuch  (HW)  p.  65S^. 

(12)  Xenophon  says  of  Mespila:  Tjv  hk  ij  nkv  KprjirU  \Wov  ^ea-rov  Koyxv- 
"Kidrov,  rd  eCpos  irevTTjKovTO,  TrodQv  Kal  rb  vipos  irevrrjKovTa,  This  does  not  refer 
to  the  wall  of  the  city,  but  to  the  moat ;  cf.  Herod.  1 185  2  no.  The  term 
Kpr)Trli  (Lat.  crepido)  means  here,  not  base  of  the  wall,  but  embankment, 
revetment ;  it  refers  to  the  loalls  of  the  moat  and  corresponds  to  the  Assyr. 
kdru  (HW  349'')  revetment.  According  to  Xenophon  the  width  (of  the 
moat)  was  50  feet,  and  the  depth  (t6  i^i/^os)  50  feet ;  for  the  first  60  we  must 
substitute  150 ;  the  width  of  the  moat  is  still  150  feet,  while  the  depth  is 
now  but  13  feet ;  but  at  the  time  of  Xenophon  it  may  have  been  50  feet. 
See  my  paper  Xenophon'' s  Account  of  the  Fall  of  Nineveh  in  the  Journal  of 
the  American  Oriental  Society  (JAGS)  vol.  xxviii. 

(13)  The  rhythm  of  my  translation  has  been  much  improved  in  a  number 
of  passages  by  the  kind  assistance  of  the  distinguished  co-editor  of  the  Poly- 
chrome Bible,  Horace  Howard  Furness. 

(14)  See  the  abstract  of  my  lecture  on  Bible  and  Babel  in  the  Johns 
Hopkins  University  Circulars  (JHUC)  No.  163  (June,  1903)  p.  48''. 

(15)  Larissa  seems  to  be  a  corruption  (with  I  for  n  and  transposition) 
of  Jiesen  =  Assyr.  BeS-ini,  Fountain-head,  and  Mespila  may  represent  an 
Assyr.  muSpilu,  built  of  shell-limestone  (Assyr.  pilu  —  vQpos).  See  note  3 
to  my  paper  cited  above  in  note  4.  In  Esth.  1  e  Heb.  dar  apparently  denotes 
shell-marble;  baht  may  be  verd-antique,  and  soherth  =  onyx-marble,  while 
SeS  means  ichite  marble. 

(16)  Cf.  Hot.  Carm.  iii  3::  Si  fractus  illabatur  orbis. 

(17)  The  annihilation  of  Nicanor  and  his  array  was  complete.  The  literal 
translation  of  this  hemistich  would  be  :  He  works  to  completion  (or  finish). 

(18)  The  Syrians  were  topers  ;  both  Antiochus  Kpiphanes  and  his  nephew 
Demetrius  as  well  as  Alexander  Balas  were  habitual  sots.  Therefore  we 
read  in  Eccl.  10  lo : 

Woe,  thou  land  whose  king  Is  a  boy  !  whose  princes  feast  in  the  morning, 

nail,  thou  land  whose  king  is  a  highborn  I      whose  princes  least  at  duo  seasons. 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF    NAHUM  17 

(with  the  gloss  for  strength,  and  not  for  drinking).  Heb.  sirim  means  both 
jars  and  thorns;  in  the  present  passage  it  denotes  jars.  Tangled  thorns  bum 
just  as  well  as  disentangled  thorns  ;  even  better.  But  barrels  full  of  wine 
do  not  burn  so  easily,  unless  the  wine  is  poured  out.  See  Haupt,  TTie 
Book  of  Ecclesiastes  (Baltimore,  1905),  p.  16,  k  and  ^  (also  tt  and  w). 

(19)  The  capital  of  Assyria  =  Syria,  i.e.  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom. 

(20)  Nicanor. 

(21)  Judas  Maccabaeus  ;  cf  above,  note  2. 

(22)  The  Acra  or  citadel  of  Jerusalem,  which  was  occupied  by  the 
Syrians  until  it  was  finally  starved  into  surrender  (in  May,  142)  by  Simon, 
whose  triumphant  entrance  is  glorified  in  Psalm  118 ;  see  my  remarks  in 
note  43  to  my  paper  cited  above  in  note  2. 

(23)  Also  the  floods,  billows,  and  waves  in  Jon.  2  a  refer  to  the  tide  of  the 
Syrian  persecution  ;  see  my  interpretation  of  the  psalm  in  the  second  chapter 
of  the  Book  of  Jonah  in  my  paper  on  the  cuneiform  name  of  the  sperm-whale, 
American  Journal  of  Semitic  Languages,  vol.  xxiii,  p,  268,  n.  3 ;  cf.  my 
paper  Jonah's  Whale  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Philosophical 
Society,  1907. 

(24)  Literally  returned,  i.e.  recovered. 

(25)  Cf.  Psalm  80  8  lo  is  (Heb.  9  ii  le). 

(26)  The  explanatory  gloss  added  to  Go  into  the  mud  explains  this  hemi- 
stich to  mean  :  tread  the  clay,  i.e.  Knead  the  clay  for  making  bricks  by  mix- 
ing it  with  water  and  working  it  with  the  feet. 

(27)  Cast  (exuviate)  their  skin. 

(28)  Enchanters,  conjurers,  exorcists. 

(29)  Cricket  means  creaker,  chirper. 

(30)  That  is,  bespattered  with  blood. 

(31)  Lit.  his,  i.e.  of  the  enemy  besieging  Nineveh. 

(32)  Nineveh. 

(33)  The  captains  of  the  Ninevites. 

(34)  Of  the  Ninevite  warriors. 

(35)  The  flood-gates  of  the  Husur. 

(36)  The  Acropolis  of  Nineveh,  i.e.  the  mound  now  known  as  Kouyunjik 
with  the  palaces  of  the  Assyrian  kings. 

(37)  That  is,  a  covered  place  of  shelter  in  which  wild  beasts  lurk.  It 
alludes  here  to  the  lair  (=  German  Lager,  camp;  cf.  1  Mace.  4 20)  of  the 
beasts  of  prey,  i.e.  the  Syrians  ;  see  ZDMG,  vol.  Ixi,  p.  286. 

(38)  The  first  line  of  gloss  ^3  is  a  variant  to  the  second  hemistichal  pair  of 
stanza  1 ;  2  4''  is  a  gloss  to  the  first  hemistich  of  2  s*>,  and  2  4«  a  gloss  to  the 
second  hemistich  of  2  s^.  The  glossator  understood  paraSlm  in  2  a**  to  mean 
horses  (of  the  chariots)  not  horsemen. 

(39)  A  misplaced  incorrect  explanation  of  encrimsoned. 

(40)  An  incorrect  explanation  of  the  hemistich  the  horsemen  are  frenzied, 
lit.  staggered,  i.e.  they  make  their  horses  run  like  mad,  as  though  they  had 
the  (blind)  staggers. 


18  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

Further  explanations  are  given  in  the  subjoined  Critical 
Notes  on  the  Hebrew  Text  and  in  the  116  notes  to  my  paper 
cited  above  in  note  4. 

Critical  Notes   on  Nahum 

K 

(1  i)  The  first  part  of  the  title,  mr:  H^Kn,  is  not  evidently  late  (EB 
3259)  but  belongs  to  section  J ;  the  second  part,  ''trp'iJKn  Din:  pTH  (IBC) 
should  be  prefixed  to  section  -[. 

The  following  verses  (1  2-10)  contain  the  first  fifteen  lines  of  an  alpha- 
betic psalm  ;  the  last  seven  lines  (beginning  w^ith  the  letters,  1?,  B,  %  p,  "1, 
V?,  ri,  respectively)  are  wanting ;  they  were,  it  may  be  supposed,  not 
quoted  by  the  compiler  of  this  festal  liturgy  for  the  celebration  of  Nica- 
nor's  Day,  because  they  did  not  suit  his  purpose.  This  Maccabean  psalm 
originally  consisted  of  eleven  couplets ;  each  couplet  is  composed  of  two 
D'^bu-'Q  (AJSL  20  150,  n.*)  i.e.  hemistichal  pairs,  and  each  hemistich  has 
three  beats  (3  +  3).  The  first  syllable  of  a  line  is,  as  a  rule,  unac- 
cented, unless  the  word  is  especially  significant ;  cf.  31t3,  v.  7  ;  Htt,  v.  9'' ; 
■•tt,  3  14;  tt'ttlT,  317''.  Even  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  hemistich  an 
accented  syllable  is  generally  avoided.  Therefore  we  find  Tn'  instead  of 
Tn^  in  3  10,  just  as  we  have  1^3  instead  of  1^3  in  3  is ;  and  we  may  read 
boB  instead  of  bpB  in  1 14 ;  contrast  D'O,  3  s  and  "^b  "nxu^  li^ia  "tt,  3  u. 
It  is  not  necessary  to  read  tt>«1,  ^^fp\  0^0%  '2«U>1,  or  '»'»  instead  of  'tt. 

(2'')  The  addition  of  Opil  after  KlJp  is  due  to  scribal  expansion  derived 
from  the  second  hemistich. 

After  Dpi,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  hemistich,  omit  mn\    ®  omits 

mrr'  Dpi  before  riKirt  bum. 

V.  2'>  belongs  to  couplet  vii ;  also  v.  3°^. 

(S'')  The  emendation  p2X1  instead  of  P?K  is  not  good. 

(4)  We  need  not  restore  the  form  inu??"!^!;  uaiiahheSehu  (cf.  Kings 
210,  n.* ;  contrast  ZDMG  58  523)  is  contracted  from  iiaiieiabbtsehu ;  intt.'3»1 
was  pronounced  uaiiabbSehu  (not  uaiiavSehu).  The  uncontracted  form 
uanSiabbese'hu  would  have  four  unaccented  syllables,  which  is  unrhyth- 
mical.    The  emendation  ^D'1  is  gratuitous. 

Instead  of  bbf^Vi  1"  read  DKT  (not  ISS'n,  'h'l.).  We  find  a  similar  care- 
less repetition  of  the  same  expression  instead  of  a  synonym  in  2  3  (pSJ  2" 
instead  of  |BJ)  and  in  3 15  (-iDDm  instead  of  "nim).  Cf.  also  nttP, 
Ps.  76ii  (instead  of  ri"n)2i:;i)  influenced  by  nbn  (1  Mace.  2  49  3  8  etc.)  and 
IlTD  -in  1°  instead  of  jV^i  "in  in  Ps.  68  is ;  see  AJSL  23  227. 

(5)  The  article  must  not  be  prefixed  to  D'nn;  we  frequently  find  the 
article  omitted  before  the  first  word,  while  it  is  used  before  the  second, 
the  contrast  making  the  second  word  more  definite.  Similarly  nnK  is 
used  instead  of  pK^Ki,  but  the  cardinal  number  is  not  substituted  for  "yc ; 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  19 

cf.  in  the  cuneiform  incantatory  legend  of  the  Descent  of  Istar  (KB 
6  82,  11.  42  and  45)  isten  haha,  one  gate,  hut  sand  haha,  a  second  gate,  etc. 
When  a  word  is  repeated  in  the  same  hemistich,  the  first  occurrence 
is  often  not  accented,  while  the  repetition  is  stressed ;  cf.  e.g.  2  lo : 
2rn  TID'I'  siDSnra,  Bozzu-kesf  u-vdzzu  zahdv,  or  the  first  hemistich  of  Jer. 
50 11,  quoted  in  the  notes  on  "in'n,  Nah.  3  2 ;  also  Hag.  2  8:   ''h^  Pp^Tl'^b 

anrn,  and  Ps.  60  9 :  niy?a  ^bi  ni?':5r'b. 

The  verbal  form  UJbnn  has  two  beats ;  so,  too,  "^^^^vh,  v.  2^ ;  n^nSSr'^yi, 
3  10;  nasiai,  32;  D^'sbs,  2  6;  cf.  n.  71  to  my  paper  on  Ps.  23  in  AJSL 

21  148. 

For  the  recessive  accent  in  pause  of  UJbnn  cf  <1i<|?tt,  3i;  ""KhS,  Ss; 
Ipb^  and  nspa,  1 14 ;  in3U1,  1  12 ;  innsr,  2  3 ;'  '^fn,  3  lo ;  'nttbuj,  3  n ;'  ibsji, 
3 12" ;  innso,  3 13  2  7;  mp-itt,  3  2 ;  nnbr.'n,  2  s  •'  nsanb,  2 10';  np'paai  and 
n'^nbm,  2  n ;  nsnta,  2 13 ;  i':'i:-in,  2  4" ;  ^2£2:^n^  2  5.    c/.'  notes  on  w.  8  and  3^ 

For  K'WI  read  i<^m.  =  M^trn,  Is.  6  ii,  where  we  must  read : 

3tt^r  pK»    any  ii<tt>-DK  -iirK-iu 

The  emendation  "iStt^n  instead  of  MXt^n  is  gratuitous;  Httttti'  is  an  explana- 
tory gloss;  730  nSt^ri'DK  =  si  fractus  illabatur  orhis.  The  verb  T})W 
means  to  crash,  i.e.  to  fall  doion  and  break  with  a  crash  ;  pi^tt'  means  crash, 
French  fracas.  The  form  ^H^  in  D''~il7  IKU^'DK  must  be  derived,  not  from 
n«C^,  but  from  i<W ;  cf  nKltt'ttl  niC^  DV,  Zeph.  1  is.  Is.  6  9"  and  10 
(ib-KSm  ntpi  .  .  .  Uiatr  irau^)  consists  of  six  lines  with  2  +  2  beats. 

The  prefixed  1  in  72m  is  due  to  dittography. 

The  final  n^  in  riD-^airr  is  enclitic;   cf.  IS'^Dn,  v.  7;    K1.T.-!|?3  iy-^3, 

V.  9^ ;  Kin~i!pi3i,  v.  2" ;  ^h'l^T,  3  7 ;  ns-psK,  2  2 ;  "in— iny"?,  2 1 ;  '^b"n''a'n:a, 
3  7 ;  -ny-TisuK,  1 12 ;  *l3"iypn,  3 19 ;  nyn^riD,  3  s ;  sirrn'K,  2 12 ;  oty-xn'?,  2 12. 

See  my  remarks  on  Cant.  6  9  in  AJSL  19  7. 

(6)  The  first  word,  ''3B7,  must  be  inserted  after  lltty,  and  be  com- 
bined with  the  1  of  the  following  ''ttl :  read  "'0  VIB*?  instead  of  "'ttl  ''2Sh ; 
contrast  Kings  61  9. 

The  1  in  Tiay  may  be  due  to  dittography  of  the  1 ;  cf  n3"7TlJ,  v.  3=^  for 
na-bnj,  and  -in-mau'?,  2  1  for  ^a-nap?;  see  Haupt,  Purim',  p.  51,  1.  22. 

The  verb  nari?  is  not  Niphal,  but  Piel;  it  means  to  liquefy,  fuse. 

For  lltri?  read  iri3£?,  from  fllC^  to  burn.  W,  on  the  other  hand,  has  burn 
in  the  first  hemistich,  and  melt  in  the  second. 

(7)  Between  h  and  ri?tt  we  must,  with  W,  insert  vp  (c/.  Lam.  3  25) 
following  13  Tots  vTrofxcvovcnv  avTov.  <&  omits  tlUO.  This  word  does  not 
mean  refuge,  but  strength,  stronghold,  strong  place  of  defense,  or  security, 
fort,  fortified  place  ;  cf.  our  terms  strong  room,  strong  box.  A  tlUtt  (c/.  3  11) 
is  a  place  whose  strength  will  laugh  a  siege  to  scorn  (Shakespeare,  Mac- 
beth, V  52).  The  noun  is  not  derived  from  111?  (Arab,  'dda  =  iltdja'a, 
Idda)  but  from  TO ;  it  stands  for  ma'uzz,  just  as  p^,  shield  =  maginn 
(Arab,  mijdnn)  from  pJ.     The  lengthening  of  the  a  in  ^1Vf$,  ''iJtt,  etc., 


20  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

must  be  explained  in  the  same  way  as  the  a  in  Assyr.  axdtu,  sister;  iSdtu, 
fire  ;  emetu  —  Arab,  hamdt,  mother-in-law.  In  Syriac  we  have  HJlia,  food ; 
Snipa,  cistern;  nilna,  city  =  Assyr.  maxdzu ;  see  Noldeke,  Syr.  Gr.^, 
§  126,  G.  Cf.  also  the  doubling  of  the  t  in  D'ria,  houses  (see  Kings 
210  it)  and  the  insertion  of  i<  in  Syr.  SnKtt  for  Kna,  keeping  alive,  etc. 
(see  Noldeke,  Syr.  Gr.\  §§  36.  178,  B  and  Daniel  28  15). 

For  UT'I  read  ytV  (cf.  '^TVh  for  '2,Th^,  3  3)  and  after  this  we  must,  with 
W,  insert  mn\     For  UT  see  AJSL  19  141,  n.  44. 

After  1317  s^tStyDI  (cf.  Lam.  3  54)  insert  DTSJ"' ;  cf.  the  omission  of  the 
verb  (Ip^yr)  in  3  9^  and  in  Ps.  68  -n^  (Vran ;  see  AJSL  23  23-2). 

The  pIDS  PjlD  should  be  after  uh^T,  not  after  "a-'Dn. 

(8)  For  noiptt  we  must  read  T'^i^S  or  VJsaipnttS.  The  longer  form 
does  not  overburden  the  hemistich ;  the  preposition  3  may  be  joined 
to  the  preceding  last  syllable  of  n^U^:  iase^b-mithqommdu.  There  are 
practically  but  two  unaccented  syllables  between  the  two  beats ;  cf.  the 
German  In  Keilschrift  auf  seeks  Ziegelstein^n  (where  the  final  steinen  is 
monosyllabic)  or  Ich  weiss  nickt,  wie  der  Junge  |  Dem  Alten  gab  ein'n 
Schlag ;  or  Es  hat  sich  ein  Mddchen  I'n'n  Fiihndrich  verliebt ;  or  Vor  Angst 
und  Schmerz  mir  blut'te  |  Mein  vaterliches  Herz,  etc.  JH  HDIpfi  may  be  a 
graphic  corruption  of  va^lpnttS,  or  a  phonetic  corruption  of  vap3  ;  the 
two  words  ilQlpa  and  T'^pS  sound  very  much  alike ;  cf.  the  remark  on 
rxyi  D'^aUS  for  Vniita  D^aUS,'v.  9,  and  ty?"  for  trX2,  v.  10. 

For  ^"TT  read  siin":. 

Before  l^n  insert  h)^ ;  also  in  Lam.  3  2  it  is  better  to  read  "^Tl  3n3  ""rnx 
nK"xbl  "^tt^rr'^K* ;  cf.  Kings  303  45.  If  we  do  not  insert  the  preposition 
b«  (or  n ;  cf  AJSL  21  m,  below)  we  must  read  "^Sn  5^1,1;  VS'KI,  with 
recession  of  the  accent ;  cf.  T\pT-vh,  v.  3" ;  np  m.T-bu  3tfn,  v.  11 ;'  '2t3'rin 
and  n3tt7\-|,  3  8 ;  "aStt^,  3  u ;  "nnm  and  "-Qann,  3  15b ;  "ibSKn  and  T'l^") 

3 15a;  rnirxbi,  Sn";'  hb^T[tr  m::inD,  25;  bs'nm,  2?;  nDnn'a,  29^;  K'^a^i, 

2  13;  c/.  my  remarks  on  the  Song  of  Hannah,  ZDMG  .58  622. 

(9)  The  clause  mn''-'r>K  jnrnn  na  does  not  mean  What  do  ye  think  of 
Jahvehf  but  What  do  ye  plan  against  .Tahveh?  For  mn''"bN  we  must  read 
mn^-by ;  cf.  nun  mn^bu  2U>n  in  1  n  and  Kings  151 31.  See  also  the  notes 
onT'?«  '^2'%3  5  2i4.  ' 

This  first  hemistich  of  v.  9  must  be  combined  with  the  second  hemi- 
stich of  V.  3,  ni.T'  npr-Kb  n;!331 ;  but  for  miT'  we  must  substitute  pi? ;  see 
below. 

The  second  clause  of  v.  9,  rHZ^U  Sin  ri7D  must  be  combined  with  1U  '3 
at  the  beginning  of  v.  10.  The  Kin  is  not  proclitic,  but  enclitic ;  cf.  the 
remarks  on  n3"''3C'T',  v.  .5.  The  pronoun  does  not  belong  to  the  follow- 
ing participle,  but  emphasizes  the  preceding  infinitive;  we  must  read 
n^3  instead  of  Th'3 ;  the  pointing  nSs  is  influenced  by  Th'3  at  the  begin- 
ning of  V.  8.  This  use  of  Sin  is  frequent  in  Syriac;  cf.  Noldeke's  Syr. 
Gr.%  §  221  and  ^"i^-n^^  in  2  12  (1,  viii). 

In  the  third  clause  of  v.  9  we  must  read  Dip'  ((5  ovk  ckSiki^o-ci  Sts)  in- 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  21 

stead  of  dipn,  and  V13ta  instead  of  mx ;  the  reading  ri"i2f  may  be  due  to 
n"i2£  at  the  end  of  the  first  btt'Q  of  couplet  v,  and  Dip^  (instead  of  Qip') 
which  afterwards  became  D^pi^,  may  have  been  suggested  by  Dlp^  in  v.  6 ; 
cf.  the  remark  on  D''ni3£0  instead  of  D''"ii2£a  (Eccl.  9  u)  in  the  notes  on  2  a. 
If  V.  2''  had  not  been  misplaced,  VISttt  would  probably  not  have  been 
corrupted  to  ni2£.  The  omission  of  the  prefixed  tt  after  D'ttUB  was  due 
to  haplography  {Kings  245  85).  The  two  expressions  TT\1  D''^US  and 
V"i2Ca  D'aUB  sound  almost  alike ;  cf.  the  remark  on  Htoipa  for  T'ttpS  in  v.  8. 

The  first  and  the  third  clause  of  v.  9  must  be  transposed:  «''^  in- 
stead of  «■'"'. 

(3"*)  The  second  hemistich  to  9''  is  3» ;  but  instead  of  npr"xb  np31 
m.T  it  is  better  to  read  Jip  r\'y>T"<lb  np5. 

The  preceding  clause,  na'^HJI  D"'as~]"lt<  ■Tin'',  is  scribal  expansion ;  the 
addition  of  mri''  after  npr"KT>  was  suggested  by  the  Decalogue  (Ex.  20  7 
Deut.  5  ii)  ;  cf.  the  remarks  on  the  gloss  "lirna  in  2  i ;  tSiB,  3  9.  The  gloss 
ilin^  after  Hpr  K7  certainly  belongs  to  the  preceding  clause,  not  to  the 
foUowing,  lam  n-iutrm  nsion;  contrast  Ges.-Kautzsch,  §  143,  a. 

After  the  gloss  TO-hy\  D^a«-|-iK  ni,T  had  been  prefixed  to  np? 
np3"'"K7,  the  conjunction  1  was  inserted  before  rip3. 

The  prefixed  adjectives  in  ns"'?!^!  D''SK"1"lt<  Cl"!^,  erkh.,  monosyllabic 
■?1J1,  ugdol,  dissyllabic)  are  proclitic ;  cf  ■T'lJ"'^in  and  p"iS"iyn3  in  3 1 
ni.T'-DKD,   3  4  2  14;   TlT'"'SV»   2  2;    tTK-l'^SK,    3  i3 ;    U?y-|-'?1p1 '  taHp-^lp,   3  2 

ann-anb,  3  3 ;  ■^'n-'triK,  2  4.^ ;  n^jr-'^ips,  2  s ;  ^103-113  and  'h'z-b^ri,  2  w 

3'in""?3Kri,  2  14;  cf  my  remarks  on  the  Song  of  Lamech,  AJSL  20  i64. 

The  1  in  n3""?TlJ  may  be  due  to  dittography  of  the  T ;  cf  niDy,  v.  6 
and  -inub,  2  i. ' 

We  must  not,  with  N,  substitute  IDPI  for  n!3,  following  Ex.  34  e 
Num.  14  18  Neh.  9  n  Joel  2  is  Jon.  4  2  Pss.  103  8 145  s ;  "iDITbnJ  would  not 
have  been  corrupted  to  ri3"7"lJ.  The  glossator  meant  to  emphasize  the 
fact  that  if  Jhvh  does  not  wreak  vengeance  at  once,  it  is  not  lack  of 
power  which  prompts  Him  to  defer  the  punishment,  but  His  patience. 
He  is  all-powerful,  but  long-suffering. 

(2'')  The  second  btt'tt  (AJSL  20  150,  n.*)  of  couplet  vii  was  inserted  in 
the  Received  Text  after  the  opening  line  of  this  psalm,  because  the  sec- 
ond hemistich  of  2*  begins  with  Dp) ;  of  the  remarks  on  the  misplace- 
ment of  3  2-3  (see  p.  23).  The  clause  .1py"K7  T\p'i  was  transposed  along 
with  2^  and  the  gloss  ns""?"!)!  D'Si^'IIK  ni.T'  was  added  in  order  to  supply 
a  corresponding  hemistich. 

The  stem  "Ita3  is  not  identical  with  "itOJ,  to  watch  =  "12£D,  just  as  "I'att',  to 
be  angry,  is  not  identical  with  "ifitT,  to  watch ;  cf.  Kings  129  24.  Heb.  "latV, 
to  he  angry,  corresponds  to  Assyr.  sanidru,  and  "1103  to  Assyr.  nataru  which 
is  generally  read  naddru  (HW  452).  The  stem  IttlT  is  a  Saphel  (see 
p.  24,  below)  of  "1)2,  and  "lOS  is  a  Niphal  of  Itt  (see  BA  1 159,  below). 
Both  "^fiV  and  "1^3  mean  originally  to  be  embittered;  "Ita3  is  connected  with 
Arab,  mutirr  ("1">J3)  bursting  out  (of  wrath) 


22  JOURNAL  OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

(10)  The  first  two  words,  "ir'S,  belong  to  ntru  Kin-nV?),  v.  9*. 

The  noun  "I'D  means  both  pot  and  thorn;  cf.  Eccl.  7  e.  The  glossator 
who  added  D'D3D  (instead  of  D'NDD)  understood  D'TD  to  mean  thorns, 
whereas  D'SHD  D''TD  means  wine-jars,  lit.  Jars  wined,  i.e.  Jilte/l  with  wine 
(cf.  toss-pot,  swill-pot,  swill-bowl,  swill-tub,  etc.).  After  D'XI^D  D'T'D  we  must 
add  na,"l"'3,  although  they.  The  ''3  is  perhaps  preserved  in  Dr^p  ''3,  at  the 
end  of  this  chapter.  After  "'3  had  been  erroneously  inserted  before  ]''hp, 
this  noun  was  changed  into  the  verbal  form  m?p.  The  "'3  before  p7p 
might  be  retained,  if  we  read:  —  T)~p  ^'t'X  r|7p"3.  In  that  case 
'3  would  introduce  the  oratio  directa  as  in  Ruth  1  lo  etc.  iUl  r,r:>p  may 
represent  the  Aramaic  noun  ri"17p;  cf.  AJSL  23-235,  n.  46. 

The  gloss  DX3C31  before  D"X13D  means  even  if  they  drink  (tope).  It  is 
the  infinitive  Qal,  and  the  prefixed  3  is  concessive,  as  in  mpp3  '3,  2  3 ; 
cf.  JAOS  2.5  72,  n.  2.  The  meaning  is  Even  if  they  be  wine-jars  (wine- 
bags, i.e.  soakers,  topers,  drunken  sots)  they  will  be  burnt  like  dry  stubble. 
Even  if  they  be  full  of  wine  as  wine-jars,  we  will  cause  their  wine  (Gen. 
924)  to  evaporate.  Both  Antiochus  Epiphanes  and  his  nephew,  De- 
metrius I,  were  habitual  drunkards  ;  see  Haupt,  Ecclesiastes  (Baltimore, 
1905)  p.  38,  below.  Polybius  states  that  Demetrius  (whose  friend 
Nicanor  was  defeated  by  Judas  Maccabseus  at  Adasa;  see  Haupt, 
Purim,  p.  4,  1.  42)  was  drunk  most  of  the  time;  cf.  AVillrich,  Judaica 
(Gottingen,  1900)  p.  31;  see  also  Judith  12  20  and  Haupt,  Punm,  p.  29, 
11.  10.  17.  We  read  in  1  Mace.  3  5  that  Judas  Maccabaeus  tov<;  rapda-- 
crovTas  Tov  [Aaov]  avrov  e<^Adyicrev. 

The  reading  D"'33D  CI^'D  is  not  good :  thorns  burn  just  as  easily  when 
they  are  tangled,  even  better ;  but  full  wine-barrels  do  not  catch  fire  as  a  rule. 

For  ti'3"'  read  tt'i<3.  This  may  be  again,  not  a  graphic,  but  a  phonetic 
corruption ;  cf.  the  note  on  nttipJp  for  1'''2p33,  v.  8  ('^^^r  "^^^  pronounced 
^1'^;  see  ZA  2275;  Lagarde,  Mittheilungen,  829,  below;  cf  also  *l'.l?  = 
^r,  etc.). 

The  last  word  of  the  verse,  H^tt,  may  be  a  corruption  of  NTTI,  intro- 
ducing the  following  SiC  "^IttQ  at  the  beginning  of  v.  11 ;  or  VOKt  may  be 
a  misplaced  correction  to  J31  W^^V  DK,  for  Wvh^  D'^S  W^,  in  v.  12,  just 
as  "I3r  (point  "I3t")  at  the  beginning  of  2  e  is  a  misplaced  correction  of 
yi'"'  in  1 14,  or  as  1i"3n  DVa  in  2  4  is  a  misplaced  gloss  to  the  first  clause  of 
2  3.  Similarly  Dri3"'bn3  ibtt'S"'  in  2  6  and  Dn'1J3  lbt'3''  in  8  a  are  misplaced 
glosses  to  I'^yin  at  the  end  of  2  4,  and  the  last  clause  of  c.  2  is  a  mis- 
placed gloss  to  the  beginning  of  that  chapter.  The  last  clause  in  2  11, 
-niKE  l^3p  th'2  ^;S1  is  a  misplaced  (incorrect)  gloss  to  D''y'?na  "^'n'^B'JK, 
2  4.     Cf  also  the  remarks  on  ril7p  "'3  at  the  end  of  c.  1. 

n 

The  second  section  of  the  Book  of  Nahum  is  composed  of  three  six- 
line  stanzas  with  3  4-2  beats  in  each  line.  We  find  the  same  meter  in 
section  1.     For  the  misnomer  '  T^Tp  meter '  see  AJSL  20  les,  n.  9. 


HAUPT  :    THE  BOOK   OF   NAHUM  23 

(3  i)  The  term  "I'l?  refers  here  to  Nineveh ;  cf.  v.  7.  But  Nineveh  in 
this  Maccabean  section  is  a  poetic  name  for  Assyria  =  Syria,  just  as  the 
Seleucidan  Kingdom  with  its  new  capital  Antioch  is  called  Daughter  of 
Babylon  in  Ps.  137  s ;  see  my  remarks  in  OLZ  10  ee,  n.  13.  The  term  "I'l? 
may  mean,  not  only  city,  but  also  state,  just  as  Lat.  ciritas  means  both 
city  and  state.  The  Heb.  word  nntt,  province  (originally  judicial  district) 
means  in  Aramaic  and  Arabic:  city.  Arab,  bdlad  means  both  land  and 
city;  Assyr.  7ndtu,  land,  appears  in  Syriac  as  Xr^,  native  land,  country, 
birthplace,  domicile,  home;  the  plural  means  little  towns.  In  the  cunei- 
form texts,  Damascus,  Tyi-e,  Sidon,  etc.,  have  either  the  determinative 
dl,  city  ( =  Heb.  7ni<,  tent,  originally  domicile ;  cf .  AJSL  22  199,  §  10)  or 
the  determinative  indt,  land.  Judah,  Edom,  Moab,  Ammon,  Hauran 
have  occasionally  the  determinative  dl,  city,  although  the  names  of  these 
countries  are  not  identical  with  the  names  of  their  capitals ;  see  E. 
Schrader,  Keilinschriften  und  Geschichtsforschung  (Giessen,  1878)  p.  95; 
Friedrich  Delitzsch,  Wo  lag  das  Paradiesf  (Leipzig,  1881)  p.  288, 
11.  2.  5;  pp.  294,  295,  etc.  In  a  popular  German  poem  Doctor  Faust  we 
read :  Die  grosse  Stadt  Portugal,  |  Gleich  soil  ahgemalet  sein ;  see  Des 
Knaben  Wunderhorn,  ed.  by  Ed.  Grisebach  (Leipzig,  1906)  p.  143. 

Nineveh  symbolizes  the  Assyrian  empire  and  its  daughter,  the  Seleu- 
cidan Kingdom,  just  as  the  City  of  Rome  represented  the  Roman  Empire. 
A  poet  could  call  Antiochus  Epiphanes  a  Ninevite,  just  as  Ovid  calls 
Romulus  and  Remus  Iliadae  fratres,  or  as  Scipio  Africanus  is  called  a 
Dardanian,  or  as  we  find  Teucrian  or  Ilian  instead  of  Roman,  or  Erich- 
thonian  instead  of  Athenian.  Similarly  the  Maccabean  poets  call  the 
Jews  Jacob  or  Joseph ;  cf .  Obad.  is ;  1  Mace.  1 28  3  7  45. 

For  the  reason  why  this  first  line  of  -  has  been  placed  after  2  u  see 
the  note  on  2  u,  below,  p.  29. 

The  two  nouns  pIS'tt-'PlD  form  a  copulative  compound  like  Assyr.  pmr- 
rabi,  young  and  old  (HW  565*;  cf.  Delitzsch,  Assyr.  Gr.^,  §199) 
or  p"I2£"m3U1  in  Ps.  45  5  (see  the  translation  in  Haupt,  Ecclesiastes,  p.  37). 
The  vocalization  HIDIJI  instead  of  niJUl  is  due  to  the  recession  of  the 
accent  before  the  following  p"l!£ :  'dndiidh  became  '  cinudh ;  contrast  ZAT 
21 343  and  Duhm,  ad  loc.  The  preceding  rittS  'ISf'?!?  must  be  read 
al-dvar-emth  instead  of  'al-dvar-eme'th  (for  emett,  ement,  amint). 

The  third  hemistich,  ^"It2  t:?'?3'"x'7,  is  a  scribal  expansion  based  on  the 
preceding  verses  at  the  end  of  c.  2  (1,  ix).  For  the  unaccented  verbal 
form  after  Kb  cf  n.  70  to  my  paper  on  Ps.  23  in  AJSL  21 148.  Assyr. 
miihi,  night  (cf.  Heb.  tTttX)  is  connected  with  tri)2,  T'tt,  just  as  Syr. 
N':b,  evening,  is  derived  from  S3S,  to  turn,  to  decline  (K^SV  Th  K3S).  Cf.  my 
remarks  on  the  etymology  of  crepusculiim  in  my  paper  cited  above,  p.  16, 
at  the  end  of  n.  12. 

(2,  3)  Verses  2  and  3  belong,  not  to  section  D,  but  to  1,  where  they 
have  been  displaced  by  a  gloss  ("I,  (3).  They  may  have  been  inserted 
in  3  owing  to  the  similarity  of  '^''^n  D^l  in  3  3  and  "'3137  2ha  in  3  i,  just  as 


24  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

the  3-line  in  K  (1 2'')  has  been  inserted  after  the  K-line  (1 2")  owing  to  the 
beginning  Dpi.     Cf.  also  the  conclusion  of  the  note  on  2  u''  (p.  29). 

(4)  The  clause  |n  n31D  is  a  gloss  to  the  following  D'Stt^S  n'^UD,  and 
the  line  after  D''BU'3  ri71?3  is  a  gloss  to  the  entire  'pca. 

The  verb  "^30  means  here,  not  to  sell,  but  to  cheat,  deceive,  cozen,  beguile, 
entice.  Arab,  makkdr  means  swindler.  Cf.  also  BA  1 14,  n.  7 ;  contrast 
HW  456" ;  see  also  AJSL  23  248.  For  the  original  meaning  of  cheat  (and 
shyster)  see  my  paper  Some  Germanic  Etymologies,  AJP  27  leo,  below. 

The  D'Dl^l  and  CStt'S  are  the  allurements  of  Hellenic  culture;  cf. 
1  Mace.  1  11 43  2  Mace.  4  13. 

The  pIDD  ?11D  after  .TSITM  should  stand  after  niKS::  m,T'  in  v.  5. 

After  ■'33.1  the  meter  requires  the  insertion  of  vSD,  and  instead  of  T^vK 
we  must  read  T't'U  ;  so,  too,  in  (the  Maccabean  appendix  to  1)  2  14  and 
Jer.  51  25.  For  7X  instead  of  hlS  cf.  the  notes  on  1  9.  It  is  possible 
that  the  author  of  the  late  passage  Jer.  51  25  read  "]''bx  "'liM  instead  of 
'^b'S  bsiD  '::n ;  cf.  the  note  on  DT5  for  DT?,  Nah.  3  13.  The  rT'ntt'an  "in, 
Jer.  51  25  is  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom ;  cf.  n.  22  on  Ps.  68,  AJSL  23  229. 

(5)  The  primary  meaning  of  TOl  is  to  remove  (German  wegziehen). 
This  may  mean  to  remove  from  one  place  to  another  or  to  remove  the  cover- 
ing, to  uncover. 

The  hemistich  "^"'iB'bl?  yb'W  TT'^J"  does  not  mean  /  luill  pull  up  thy  skirts 
over  thy  face,  but  I  will  uncover  (lift  up)  thy  skirts  to  affront  thee;  'OS"?!? 
means  (as  an  insult)  to  the  face,  as  an  affront ;  cf.  Job  1 11  Is.  65  3.  Hugo 
Grotius  explains:  Tracto  te  non  ut  matronam,  sed  ut  meretricein ;  cf. 
Ez.  16  37  Is.  47  2  3.     In  the  late  passage  Jer.  13  26  we  find  '^'h'W  TiSt^n 

m  °""13  after  WK-lM  is  a  gloss,  also  the  hemistich  '^vhp  mabttttl  at  the 
end  of  the  verse. 

(6)  The  hemistich  n^lp;^  ybv  ^nsbtrm  does  not  mean  /  will  cast 
abominable  filth  upon  thee,  but  /  will  cast  abominations,  i.e.  indignities,  upon 
thee.  The  primary  meaning  of  fp^  is  to  excite  disgust ;  it  is,  as  H  u  p  f  e  1  d 
suggested  long  ago,  a  Saphel  of  f  1p ;  just  as  the  ^  in  D''ttty,  bpV!,  "i2tr,  btt'V, 
PjXtt^,  b3tt>,  nbr,f  -iQty,  -I2U?,  nptr,  -i:tr,  bv:}  (see  note  on  3  8)  etc.,  is  a 
causative  prefix  (cf  JBL  19  78,  below)  which  may  be  connected  with 
Arab,  sdbab,  cause,  or  some  similar  word,  just  as  the  sa  prefixed  to  the 
future  in  Arabic  (Wright-De  Goeje,  2  19)  is  shortened  from  saufa,  in 
the  end ;  cf.  also  Syr.  tn,  now  =  r:)l^n,  Syr.  "Ip:itt>«,  last  year  =  D'tp  +  n:C ; 

t  The  verb  r\b^  often  means  to  cause  to  transmit  or  deliver  a  message,  e.^. 

Hagg.  1 12 :  'Dn'ba'  Dn'n'?«  mn-'  inSu?  nt's*a  .  .  .  N'Djn  "sn  nm  ba  "irad, 

they  listened  to  the  loords  of  the  prophet  Haggai  (which  were)  ?>i  accordance 
with  what  their  God,  Jahveh,  had  caused  him  to  deliver  to  them-  Nor  does 
Is.  37  4  mean  The  words  of  the  liab-shakeh  whom  the  King  of  Assyria  has 
sent  (Ges. -Kautzsch,  §  138,  a)  but  The  words  of  the  Ixah-shakc'h,  which 
the  King  of  Assyria  has  caused  him  to  transmit.  Also  in  2  K  19  i«  the  suffix 
in  inbty  refers  to  the  Rab-shakeh  ;  contrast  Kings  277  52.  Cf  2  S  11  22  1  K 
14  6  Is.  55 11  Jer.  42  5  21  43 1. 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  25 

see  AJSL  22  251  23  248.  The  reflexive  n  of  the  bv^nn,  on  the  other  hand, 
represents  flK  =  DK  =  n1i<  =  ri^  =  t'.'l;  see  Proverbs  51  e  15.  In  Aram,  aop  = 
y)p  the  infixed  3  was  originally  prefixed :  iap3 ;  so,  too,  in  Assyr.  sanaqu  — 
sdqu;  see  the  note  on  D''p7,  v.  10.  The  noun  fpU'  denotes  something  dis- 
gusting, detestable,  infamous,  disgraceful,  ignominious.     Cf.  p.  21,  below. 

The  following  verb,  "^Tl^^JI,  I  shall  disgrace  (insult,  dishonor)  thee  is 
a  gloss  ;  cf  Jer.  14  21 :  '['^^'2  KD3  b^^jrrb^     -ptV  \2^b  FK?n-'7K, 

Do  not  reject  us  for  Thy  name^s  sake,  do  not  make  vile  the  throne  of  Thy 
glory  (i.e.  Jerusalem  with  the  Temple). 

(7)  The  first  clause  of  v.  7,  1^^  in"'  '^"'XT  73  iTMl,  is  an  explanatory 
gloss  to  "^VTQ  at  the  end  of  the  preceding  verse. 

The  last  clause,  "^b-D^Jaroa  trpDK  J^xa,  is  a  gloss  to  n^-mr  ^^1.  The 
particijile  D'ttTOtt  does  not  mean  providers  of  a  funeral  meal  (ZAT  22  3i8) 
but  comforters,  i.e.  sympathizers,  mourners;  cf.  Job  2  11 :  K127  T^H^  nUVI 
IttTOpI  1~>"niD7,  also  Is.  51 19.  The  primitive  meaning  of  DTO  is  to  cause  to 
stop  sighing ;  see  my  notes  on  Is.  40  in  Drugulin's  Marksteine  (Leipzig, 
1902)  p.  46  and  AJSL  22  251.  Heb.  D'^ariDa  might  mean  also  avengers 
(see  Haupt,  Ecclesiastes,  p.  39,  n.  8  on  IV;  Kings  187  20)  but  this 
meaning  is  not  suitable  in  a  gloss  to  H?"'!!)''  "'fi'l. 

For  vv.  8-19  see  section  J. 

(1 11)  Before  Klf  *^)a)3  we  must  insert  VOTi.  As  stated  above  (p.  22) 
the  last  word  of  v.  10,  vhll,  may  be  a  corruption  of  xSn ;  it  is  possible, 
however,  that  this  K70  is  a  misplaced  corrective  gloss  to  D''D7ty  in  v.  12, 
and  (D'')a7tr  may  be  the  original  reading  for  '^tttt'tt  in  v.  14  (see  below). 
The  omission  of  Kv.l  may  be  due  to  the  gloss  vhll ;  glosses  often  dis- 
place original  readings  of  the  text ;  cf.  the  note  on  D"'D3  n)am  in  2  g''  and 
my  remarks  on  Cant.  5  15  6  6  in  AJSL  19  10  15.  Instead  of  X^Xi  we  must 
read  ^''^ba,  and  for  D'Obt:'  we  must  restore  the  singular,  obtr.  The 
plural  ending  may  have  been  abbreviated  so  that  D'^bfi  was  written 
'Xba ;  cf .  Kings  80  3. 

The  final  clause,  bu^bD  fVh,  must  be  inserted  after  the  first  hemistich. 
In  pentapodies  the  hemistichs  are  often  transposed ;  cf  the  remarks  on 
v.  14  and  the  Maccabean  Song  of  Derision  (2  K  19  21-28)  in  Kings 
278  28  38  45 ;  also  my  restoration  of  the  first  couplet  of  Ps.  23  in  AJSL 
21  136  and  couplet  iv  of  the  Maccabean  psalm  in  the  Book  of  Jonah, 
AJSL  23  256 ;  see  also  below,  the  notes  on  3  is  13  and  2  5  ("7,  ^). 

The  fourth  hemistich  of  this  verse  is  the  first  clause  of  v.  14,  T})%\ 
mrr'  T'by,  where  we  must  read  vbu  instead  of  "T'bl?  (c/.  *^miy  instead  of 
nmiy  in  3  9  and  1"'^^  instead  of  y>V  in  Is.  52  14,  quoted  in  the  note  on 
V.  12;  see  also  note  13,  third  paragraph,  to  my  paper  on  Ps.  68  in 
AJSL  23  227 ;  contrast  133"!  for  *^^3"i,  2  14)  and  omit  niT  as  a  gloss.  The 
pIDS  t^lD  of  V.  11  should  be  placed  after  r'^U  rm\;  but  T\U]  must  be 
pointed  as  infinitive  absolute,  niSfl ;  cf.  Kings  132  2.  V.  12  belongs  to 
stanza  iii ;  v.  12*^  and  v.  13  are  glosses. 

The  b'Qh^  f r  and  niJ-i  mn^-bu  ntrn  is  the  prototype  of  Haman  in  the 


26  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

Book  of  Esther,  Nicanor  who  threatened  to  burn  Jnvn's  Temple  on 
Mount  Zion ;  see  1  Mace.  7203542;  cf.  2  Mace.  14  3:5  15  32.  In  2  Maec. 
15  3  he  is  called  a  TpicraAiT7;pios,  cf.  Haupt,  Puritn,  p.  5. 

(14)  In  V.  14  the  final  hemistich  ni'?p"''D  "I"i3p  D'fK  must  be  trans- 
posed ;  "'5  may  be  omitted,  and  instead  of  m7p  we  may  read  pbp,  as 
suggested  by  W.  The  '3  may  be  a  misplaced  remnant  of  the  concessive 
clause  nan  ""S,  which  must  be  inserted  after  D^XUD  D'TD  in  v.  10 ;  it  is 
improbable  that  "'3  is  merely  due  to  dittography  of  the  preceding  suffix 
"] ;  contrast  note  on  nSDx'^a,  2  u.  As  stated  above,  p.  22,  '3  may  be 
retained  before  ]hp,  if  we  read  :  T]^p  oyn  ]'hp-"D. 

The  clause  mu  ItttTtt  unr  X"?,  ?io  more  of  thy  name  shall  be  soivn,  is 
meaningless  and  unmetrical.  Instead  of  inr  we  must  read  7'\''\V,  and  for 
yi'^Q  we  must  substitute  l^h^,  thy  corpse,  while  ^h  and  mi?  must  be 
omitted.  The  verb  nDr  at  the  beginning  of  2  6  is  a  misplaced  corrective 
gloss  to  Unr ;  it  should  be  pointed  nar ;  cf.  &  fxvrjcrdrjCTovTaL,  3  recordahi- 
tur.  But  the  clause  mu  "^tt^tt  "OV  vh,  anything  of  thy  name  shall  no  more 
be  mentioned,  suits  neither  the  meter  nor  the  context;  Nicanor's  name 
was  often  mentioned  in  later  years.  The  insertion  of  a  negative  to  ex- 
plain an  obscure  passage  is  not  unparalleled;  cf  e.g.  Eccl.  11 9  (see 
below,  ad  3  15)  in  <5  ^  (/cai  fxrj  iv  opaaei  6<f>6aX[x(ov  crov)  or  the  tertiary 
gloss  in  Eccl.  6  e,  etc.  On  the  other  hand,  &  has  canceled  the  negative 
in  2  K  627;  cf.  Kings  209  26  72 19.  In  some  cases  (e.g.  1i3"tr'K  ^b, 
Am.  13  6  9,  etc.)  vh  is  scriptio  plena  of  the  emphatic  7  (see  AJSL  22  201, 
§  15,  end,  and  my  paper  in  OLZ,  June,  1907)  but  "pXOn  Tr\V  k"?,  verily,  thy 
spoil  tuill  be  scattered,  is  unsatisfactory. 

The  noun  ob^,  corpse,  means  originally  ended,  i.e.  one  ivhose  life  has 
been  brought  to  an  end.  In  Syriac,  the  verb  ch'\l?  means  to  come  to  an  end, 
to  be  complete,  but  also  to  die ;  nriDV  UT^'p  or  'm'n  chp,  he  ended  his  days 
or  his  life,  means  he  died.  In  Arabic,  sdlima  often  has  just  the  opposite 
meaning,  to  remain  alive,  to  survive,  to  be  saved;  but  it  is  used  also  as  a 
euphemistic  antiphrastic  expression  for  he  is  dead;  cf.  BA  8577,  1.  32  and 
K.  J.  Grimm's  dissertation.  Euphemistic  Liturgical  Appendixes  in  the  OT 
(Baltimore,  1901)  p.  5,  1.  6.  In  Assyrian  we  find  Salmu,  corpse,  and  the 
feminine  Salamtu,  with  reciprocal  assimilation :  salandu,  just  as  we  have 
munddx(:u,  fighter,  ior  mumtdxi(;u,  from  f HD ;  ci.  Kings  112  is.  I  sliowed 
more  than  25  years  ago  that  Salandu  (=  Salamtu)  passed  into  Aramaic  as 
af^t  and  with  n  for  b  (as  in  rh^b^,  chain  =  nncntr ;  pn,  hip  ^  f "rn ; 
see  p.  45,  below,  and  ZDMG  61 195)  Hninn^,  a  diminutive  form  with 
repetition  of  the  final  consonant  as  in  Assyr.  suqdqu,  Syr.  Kppt:^K,  Arab. 
zuqdq;  cf.  BA  3  582,  n.**;  Kings  121  is;  Noldeke,  Syr.  Gr."^,  §  134. 

The  noun  DblT,  corpse,  may  be  restored  in  the  present  passage,  just  as 
n^pji,  grave;  nsa,  benefactor;  irb;  ( =  in'l33  =  A ssyr.  nakamaliSu)  his 
treasures  have  been  restored  in  1  K  10  15  2  84 ;  2  K  12  e  20  is.  We  might, 
of  course,  substitute  yfinv  (cf  ira::^  inTSJ,  Ps.  141  7 ;  also  Jer.  8 1 2)  for 
"liabttT ;  but  1'0::y  would  hardly  have  been  corrupted  to  y^^fi. 


HAUPT  :  THE  BOOK  OF  NAHUM  27 

The  rhythm  is  improved  by  reading  703  instead  of  vp? ;  see  the 
conclusion  of  the  notes  on  1  i,  above,  p.  18. 

(2  -2)  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  better  to  read,  with  J.  D.  Michael  is, 
fS^,  martel,  war-hammer  (cf .  Jer.  51 20)  instead  of  f ''SSi,  scatterer.  The 
incorrect  spelling  f'Stt  instead  of  fSfi  is  found  also  in  Prov.  25  is.  For 
the  erroneous  insertion  of  a  mater  lectionis  cf.  Kings  301 16.  A  fSD 
{martel)  is  larger  than  a  DSpO  {mullet,  beetle).  Judas  received  his  sur- 
name Maccabseus  while  he  was  a  boy ;  see  AJSL  21 140,  below.  Both 
martel  and  mallet,  however,  are  diminutive  forms  :  martel  (Lat.  martulus 
for  marculus)  is  derived  from  marcus,  and  mallet  from  mall  or  7naul  (Lat. 
malleus) . 

For  the  feminine  sirffix  in  "^^JS'"?!?  we  may  substitute  the  masculine 
form  ■'I'lS'T'l? ;  but  this  change  is  not  necessary :  "t'JS'T'y  would  refer  to 
Nicanor ;  and  '^^2S"T'l?,  to  the  D^^T  TV  at  the  beginning  of  this  section, 
i.e.  the  capital  of  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom;  cf.  "^^^  in  v.  11.  Even  in 
the  preceding  line  (v.  1-4)  we  may  read  "^'lI ' ^  instead  of  '^'C'-^^- 

For  n"112iD  read  nTHkQ,  mountain-fastness,  stronghold.  This  refers  to  the 
a/cpa,  the  citadel  of  Jerusalem,  which  was  held  by  a  Syrian  garrison 
until  this  last  outpost  of  the  Seleucids  in  Judea  was  starved  into  sur- 
render in  May,  142  B.C.  Simon's  triumphant  entrance  into  the  Acra  is 
glorified  in  Ps.  118;  see  AJSL  21  us,  n.  43.  For  p'^i  m^a  cf  2  S  57  9 
1  Chr.  11 5.  The  reading  miSJtt  is  better  than  the  reading  n~iik!2  "11213, 
watch  a  watch  (W).  But  instead  of  nni2itt  we  had,  perhaps,  better  point 
M"liji.'2  =  me(;addh,  the  fem.  of  Arab.  ma(;dd.  In  Eccl.  9  14,  on  the  other 
hand,  it  is  better  to  read  nni2:a  instead  of  U^'iyi'C^.  The  term  D-ni^ia 
denotes  bastiles,  i.e.  movable  toivers  used  by  the  besiegers  of  a  strong  place 
(BA  3  179  and  iss).  The  mound  of  earth  or  rampart  built  by  the  besiegers 
is  called  TTOti ;  battering  engines  are  termed  D'"13 ;  see  Ezekiel  47  46.  The 
reading  of  the  Received  Text  in  Eccl.  9  14  is  due  to  rni2iDD  in  Eccl.  9  12, 
just  as  TV^I  instead  of  V"is:a  in  Nah.  1  9  may  be  influenced  by  THl  in  1 7. 
Judas  Maccabseus  besieged  the  Acra  in  163  B.C.  (see  1  Mace.  6  20 ;  cf. 
also  1 33  3  45  4  2  41).  After  his  great  victory  over  Nicanor  in  161  B.C. 
Judas  Maccabseus  would  no  doubt  have  undertaken  a  new  attack  on  the 
Acra,  if  his  meteoric  career  had  not  been  ended  by  an  untimely  death. 

The  forms  MSi,  pin,  and  f!SK  are  infinitives  like  "n^iO  in  the  preceding 
line ;  the  inf.  abs.  Piel  may  have  e  in  the  final  syllable  instead  of  0. 

For  iHtt  we  must  read  1i^J2 ;  the  preceding  PIS  is  unaccented ;  cf.  the 
notes  on  1  5.  For  "li<p  =  li^tt  see  my  lecture  on  Ecclesiastes  in  Oriental 
Studies  (Boston,  Ginn  &  Co.,  1894)   p.  247 ;  cf .  Kings  274  19  and  axn  for 

n2n  =  nmn,  Xah.  2  8. 

(1 12)    The  first  line  of  the  third  stanza  is  very  corrupt. 

The  introductory  clause,  MIT  "ittX  MD,  is  a  gloss. 

Instead  of  D'labt?  we  must  read  D"'i<'70 ;  xbo  is  preserved  at  the  end  of 
the  preceding  verse,  while  tt7t^  is  the  correct  reading  for  Qt'^  in  "]tt^D, 
V.  14  ;  see  above  (p.  25)  ad  1 11.    The  last  three  consonants  of  W^fy^Vf  may 


28  JOURNAL    OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

represent  the  original  reading  D'b,  water.  @  raSe  Xiya  Kvpio?  Karapxciv 
vSaToyv  TToAAwv  seems  to  have  read :  D"31  D'O  h'Ca  (n'ri'  lax  ,13)  instead 
of  C'3-l  pi  a-o'^U?  DX.  We  must  emend :  D'3~n  C'sba  D-^a^DK ;  the  omis- 
sion of  0'12  may  be  due  to  haplography  (cf.  Kings  245  35). 

The  prefixed  DK  is  concessive;  the  glossator  who  added  the  glosses 
pi  1°  and  2°  intended  to  emphasize  the  correlation :  D'3"i1  trvh^  D"a  pi, 
T13i;i  1)1J:  pi,  lit.  and  thus  the  waters  full  and  great,  and  thus  they  ebbed  and 
subsided,  i.e.  just  as  they  were  full  and  great,  so  they  ebbed  and  subsided  = 
however  full  and  great  the  tide  was,  it  has  ebbed  again  and  subsided. 
Cf  Ex.  1  12:  pB^  pi  n3T  p  inx  MV'  nty«31,  where  we  could  substitute 
DS1  for  -lti'K31 ;  see  also  Hos.  4  7 :  ^'^-IKtan  p  03-13,  the  mure  they  were 
increased,  the  more  they  sinned  against  me.  In  the  Maccabean  poem 
Is.  52  13-15  we  must  read : 

:-isa  Kt':i  D'i'-)':"  ■'-131?  h^2'^^  ''ODn    1,3 

lYir^Kia  n'n'tp'a'  p'V  /si'-'bu  laatr  -it'jo    14 

errs  D'sba  i^sp''  rby  s'Tp-i"'  p    15 

D'2-l   DMJMCS)  DIN   iJ33   nxhl  inNID  (y)  DOT  14  (/3)  n3J1  13  Ca) 

13  Behold,  my  servant  will  prosper, 

he  will  be  raised  and  exalted. 

14  Though  looked  upon  with  horror, 

and  though  marred  out  of  all  human  likeness, 

15  They  will  be  enraptured  about  him, 

even  Kings  will  be  struck  dumb  ; 
They  will  see  what  they  never  were  told, 
and  perceive  what  they  never  heard  of. 

The  verb  U"1  means,  as  a  rule,  to  be  excited ;  here  and  in  Jer.  33  9  it  means 
to  be  ardent,  full  of  enthusiasm.  The  phrase  DiTS  HCSp",  they  will  close  their 
mouth,  means  they  will  be  speechlessly  amazed,  awe-struck.  The  marring  out 
of  all  human  likeness  refers  to  the  sufferings  of  the  Jews  during  the  Syrian 
persecution. 

The  Niphal  1T1J3  must  not  be  derived  from  W,  to  cut  off,  to  shear,  but 
from  11J  to  pass  away,  disappear;  cf.  Ps.  90 10:  nsril  tyrfn'  ^T^'2,for  it  (our 
life)  passes  away  swiftly,  and  we  take  our  flight.  We  need  not  substitute 
11W3  for  irjj.  It  is  true,  1  and  1  are  often  confounded  (cf  the  remarks  on 
"I13U7  in  2  2)  and  Arab,  jazr-  (al-baJir)  is  the  common  term  for  ebb :  but 
tU,  to  fail  is  used  in  Syriac  with  special  reference  to  water:  Xr;!2  means 
dried  up,  waterless.     Arab.  Jdza,  iajiizu  =  Ileb.  "131?. 

The  omission  of  the  final  1  in  131?  is  due  to  the  prefixed  1  in  the  fol- 
lowing gloss  '1J1  "triSlJI ;  cf .  Kings  245  85.  Before  "^PSP  the  1  may  be  dis- 
pensed with ;  it  had  better  be  prefixed  to  the  second  clause,  111?"'^31?K  i<h  • 
cf.  1.  12  of  the  Maccabean  Song  of  Derision  in  Kings  278  39.     If  we 


haupt:    the  book  of  nahum  29 

retain  1  before   "^0?^,  it  must  be   taken   as  1  explicative ;    cf.   Haupt, 
Purim,  p.  15,  1.  30. 

For  the  explanation  of  the  imagery  in  v.  12*  by  the  prosaic  gloss  in 
V.  12»  see  my  remarks  on  pli  ^bjraS  ^Dnr  (Ps.  23  3)  in  AJSL  21 133  (cf. 
ibid.  23  228,  n.  17)  and  for  the  ebbing  of  the  high-tide  of  the  Syrian  perse- 
cution cf.  2  Mace.  5 17  6  12  7  18  33. 

(13)  Also  V.  13  is  an  explanatory  gloss,  and  "t'TTa  is  a  tertiary  addi- 
tion. The  suffix  in  maa  refers  to  the  'ry'':'^  fU"^  in  v.  11.  For  ^"l£?b 
point  ini3»,  his  staff;  cf.  Ps.  110  2  (111?  niStt)  and  bp^  taSt^n  DUhn,  Ps. 
29;  cf.  JHUC,  No.  163,  p.  90;  No.  114,  p.  110  (AJSL  21  147,  n.  43). 
His  yoke  (cf .  1  Mace.  8  31  is)  would  be  irittb  (or  iab). 

(2  1)  In  V.  1*  It^aa  is  scribal  expansion  which  may  be  derived  from 
the  Maccabean  poem.  Is.  52  7  (see  ad  1  12,  above,  p.  28).  Cf.  below,  the 
note  taiai  in  3  9.  For  whv!  U''titt^D  cf.  1  Mace.  7  50  and  for  the  enjamhe- 
ment,  or  shifting  of  the  caesura,  cf.  e.g.  Ps.  137  6  (OLZ  10  es)  and 
Pss.  68  2  6  9  27  33  76  8 12  (AJSL  23  240)  and  below,  note  on  2  11. 

(14'')  A  misplaced  gloss  to  v.  1*  is  found  at  the  end  of  the  chapter  in 
V.  14'' :  naaxba  bip  mu  Vm'  ^b^.  For  nsaxba  we  must  read  ■^3«'?», 
i.e.  scriptio  defectiva  for  T?^*?*^ ;  the  final  M  of  nSSK'^tt  is  due  to  dittog- 
raphy  :  the  first  word  of  the  following  verse  (3  1)  begins  with  H ;  ci.  Kings 
15611  118  4.  The  suffix  in  ^^Kbtt  refers  to  the  ^1^«  "I'^tt  (3  I8)  i.e.  the 
Seleucidan  king  of  Syria ;  cf.  1  Mace.  1  44  2  15  7  10  27.  If  we  read  the 
feminine  suffix  (*^'3Xba)  it  would  refer  to  the  D''tt"l  "I'l?  in  the  following 
verse,  i.e.  the  capital  of  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom.  The  editor  who  placed 
the  first  b^^  of  S  (3  1)  after  this  gloss  (2  u")  read  Tpx'^tt  or  ■^?«'?a,  and 
understood  the  suffix  to  refer  to  D'^ai  Tl?.  Cf.  the  remarks  on  the  suffixes 
in  3  18 19.  The  insertion  of  the  first  stanza  of  3  after  the  conclusion  of 
1  was  suggested  also  by  "^b^  "23.1  (for  yb^  'r'Bi  "p^-"')  in  2  14  and  3  5. 

(1)  For  the  second  bra  of  v.  1,  l"-j-i3  "a'ptr  -["an  rvr^'n'^  "sn,  cf  Ps. 

76 12  (see  n.  22  to  my  paper  on  Nicanor's  Day  in  ZDMG  61  286)  and 
1  Mace.  1 39  4  56  6  59  7  48  2  Mace.  6  e  11  25  31  15  36. 

The  threefold  "3  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  three  lines  of  this  stanza 
may  seem  to  some  rather  strange,  but  it  is  idiomatic  Hebrew.  The  last 
''3  is  concessive  (see  above,  p.  22,  ad  1  10  and  cf.  Jer.  50  11,  quoted  below, 
in  the  notes  on  Th,  3  2)  and  therefore  stressed ;  cf.  my  remarks  on 
Dh  Xa^'-'S,  Jer.  17  8,  in  AJSL  19  133. 

The  addition  of  TIU  after  s^'DV  is  unnecessary  and  overburdens  the 
hemistich. 

The  scriptio  plena  of  the  0  in  ^a""n^lJ'7  may  be  due  to  dittography  of 
the  "I ;  cf.  the  remark  on  lltty",  1  6.  But  the  0  is  accented;  we  must  read 
la'vor-hnkh,  not  lavor-hdlh.  Cf.  also  Syr.  Dl':>'lB  =  HavAos  and  bitOpJ  =liqtiU 
(JBL  19  77,  n.  104).  The  e  and  0  in  Heb.  "iSp,  |l«,  jri",  btp',  are  not  long, 
but  accented ;  we  must  read  crecfjp,  o^v,  irrev,  IktoX.  Heb.  I5i<  should  be 
pronounced  like  our  oven ;  the  0  is  not  long  as  in  over.  The  difference 
between  the  vowels  in  "^J^tt  (i.e.  /te  A.;^,  not  ju.^X€x  0  and  IBD  (cre^p)  is : 


30  JOURNAL    OF    BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

the  vowel  in  o-e'^p  =  "''Bp  corresponds  to  the  vowel  in  the  first  syllable  of 
English  leather  (in  Hebrew  :  "l"]?)  while  the  vowel  in  indlkh  =  "^7^  should 
be  pronounced  like  the  a  in  English  Uuher  (in  Hebrew:  ^1^). 

Also  bU'^D,  i.e.  Nicanor,  the  impersonation  of  hv^b'Z  (cf.  hvp'Z  yvh, 
1 12  and  Haupt,  Purim,  p.  5,  1.  10)  is  a  gloss  ;  the  hearers  knew  who  was 
meant ;  cf.  the  indefinite  in"n3J  and  VT'lK  in  2  4  6  and  the  Pythagorean 
avTos  c0a. 

Instead  of  reading  i?3,  as  required  by  the  Qere,  we  may  point  the 
Kethiv  nbs,  following  (5  crwTCTe'Aeo-Tai,  as  Pual :  n?2 ;  cf.  M'T'-  in  K,  vi. 
The  sense  is  practically  the  same,  whether  we  read  n?3  or  i^S ;  the  an- 
nihilation and  extermination  of  Xicanor  and  the  Syrian  army  at  Adasa 
(1  Mace.  7  46)  was  certainly  complete. 

(3)  The  verb  (-^)  is  here  not  transitive  (Jhvii  restored)  but  in- 
transitive :  Jacob's  glory  returned,  i.e.  recovered  =  was  recovered,  regained ; 
cf.  Kings  199  4o.  In  Is.  6  ii  (cf.  above,  p.  19,  ad  1  s)  this  intransitive  Stt', 
he  recovered  appears  in  connection  with  17  XS"l  he  zvas  healed,  lit.  some  one 
healed  him ;  cf .  Kings  289  i9.  We  must  read :  l'7"XSm  aci  pri"  l^^bl; 
cf.  also  nau^l  in  Is.  6  i3.  The  addition  of  ."11."!''  and  riK  in  the  present  pas- 
sage is  due  to  a  glossator. 

(4)  An  additional  (misplaced)  gloss  to  this  hemistich  'Ul  SU^'^S  is  the 
clause  Iran  DTD  in  V.  4 ;  cf.  my  remarks  on  Ps.  68  lo  ii  in  AJSL  23  226. 

(3)  For  px:i  2°  we  must  insert  fSJ ;  cf  Ps.  80  is.  But  it  would  be  a 
mistake  to  substitute  this  reading  also  for  pSJ  l".  After  pKJ  in  the 
first  hemistich  JSJ  could  easily  be  corrupted  to  J1KJ,  just  as  we  have 
^bttK  instead  of  2XT  in  1 4 ;  see  above,  ad  loc.  If  the  reading  had  been 
JBJ  in  both  hemistichs,  the  corruption  to  pt<J  could  not  be  accounted  for. 

The  third  section  consists  of  two  seven-line  stanzas  followed  by  an 
appendix  of  four  lines.  Each  line  has  2  +  2  beats,  i.e.  the  same  meter 
which  we  find  in  Ps.  10  ;  cf.  Haupt,  Purim,  p.  18.  The  first  two  stanzas 
were  written  before  the  fall  of  Nineveh  in  B.C.  006,  the  appendix  was 
added  after  Judas  Maccabajus'  victory  at  Adasa  in  161  B.C. 

For  the  heading,  mrD  Kt^tt,  see  above,  p.  18,  ad  1 1. 

(3  s)  Instead  of  ^^  we  must  not  point  K?,  although  the  cuneiform 
name  is  Ni\u)  i.e.  Ne\u)  =  Egypt.  ne(t)  which  means  City  (BA  1 597). 
We  find  an  0  in  Hebrew  instead  of  Assyr.  e  or  i,  not  only  in  ti?K"l,  JKIC,  T'SS^ 
=  Assyr.  re.^u,  Qenu,  ekul,  but  also  in  pJ"]P  =  Sarru-kenu  and  in  jnn'ipS  = 
ASur-axa-iddina ;  see  Ezra-Neh.  31  23. 

fSi  pfa^  is  a  gloss. 

For  D""]K'  (with  i<)  read  D'^X",  v^'ith  \k ;  see  Kings  280  27  and  cf.  above, 
p.  27,  the  note  on  "ixa  na-f'SK,  2  2.  The  plural  DnX"  is  intensive  (=the 
great  Nile)  just  as  hZ2  m~in3  71,',  Ps.  137  1  means  By  Babylon's  great  river, 
i.e.  the  Euphrates ;  see  OLZ  10  65.     Also  CTi^^^  is  a  plurulis  intensivus  like 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  31 

DniJf,  B"?-)!?,  etc.  (see  Kings  206  34  270,  n.*)  :  Sn™  DIK  =  Syria  on  the 
Great  River,  i.e.  the  Euphrates. 

The  clause  n^'S'^D  D'tt  is  a  gloss  to  the  following  D^'H  n'b'PI ;  it  might 
also  be  a  variant  (see  Kings  213  48)  to  the  last  hemistich  of  this  verse, 
nnain  Ctt  (c/.  the  note  on  2  4^,  i.e.  "1,  ;8)  but  this  is  improbable. 

For  D^  "^Tt  read  D'.l  nb'n ;  the  relative  pronoun  prefixed  to  this  clause 
may  be  omitted.  The  term  C  is  used  also  of  a  large  river,  just  as  iamm 
and  hahr  in  Arabic ;  cf.  Is.  19  5.  The  Assyrians,  on  the  other  hand, 
called  the  Persian  Gulf  iiaru  marratu,  the  Bitter  (t.e.  Salt  Water)  River ; 
cf.  JAOS  16  civ  and  the  comments  on  the  Babylonian  map  of  the  world  in 
the  translation  of  Ezekiel  (SBOT)  p.  100,  1.  36 ;  see  also  the  descriptive 
pamphlet  Die  Regenhogen-Bibel  (Leipzig,  1906)  p.  10. 

For  DJtt,  at  the  beginning  of  the  last  hemistich,  point  D^tt  (W).  In 
Gen.  617,  on  the  other  hand,  J.  D.  Michaelis  read  Q'^?3 : —  MK  K'a»  "'DJn 
y'^)lt,'n  bv  D^a  bisan;  see  E.  Suess,  Die  Sintfluth  (Prag,  1883)  pp.  27,  50. 
I  pointed  out  in  KAT^  (1883)  p.  66,  n.  3  {cf.  AJSL  1 180,  n.  2)  that  bna 
was  a  popular  adaptation  of  Assyr.  abubu,  deluge  ;  cf.  KAT^  (1902)  p.  546, 
n.  2.     For  a  =  K  see  also  Kings  190  26;  Haupt,  Purim,  p.  23,  1.  23. 

(9)  For  n!2i£y  point  nr^^V. 

The  following  taiS  n:tp  r«1  dn2£ai  is  a  gloss ;  n:tp  pXI  nnitai  belongs 
to  tt'l^,  and  tSIS  is  an  addition  to  D'^lbl,  derived  from  Ez.  30  5 ;  cf  the 
remarks  on  the  glosses  0  and  <j>,  also  K,  y  and  3,  n. 

The  verb  VM  is  a  gloss  ;  cf.  the  gloss  .Tn  in  Is.  5  1  Cant.  8  11 ;  see  AJSL 
19  196,  below. 

For  "^nntU^  read,  with  W,  nmT173  ;  cf  ybv  instead  of  rbv  in  1 14.  For 
the  prefixed  3  see  Numbers  57  46. 

(10)  The  QJ  before  n''77i7  is  due  to  vertical  dittography;  cf.  Kings 
86  30  and  below,  note  on  v.  13. 

For  the  imperfect,  WiaT,  read  the  perfect,  lU^tS"! ;  cf  1pri"l  in  the  last 
hemistich.     The  '  may  be  due  to  dittography  of  the  "i ;  cf  the  note  on 

la-nnu'?,  2 1  f  =  i  =  i). 

The  prefixed  T>3  is  a  scribal  expansion,  derived  from  Lam.  4  i  2  19 ; 
Lam.  2  19  is  a  gloss  ;  cf.  the  gloss  miClPI  73  ti'X"i3  in  Is.  51 19. 

For  the  accentuation  IT  (so,  too,  Obad.  11)  instead  of  IT  see  above, 
p.  18.  The  form  IT  might,  of  course,  be  derived  from  MT  =  mJ,  Assyr. 
nadu,  to  cast,  throw,  just  as  we  have  in  Assyrian  :  ingabtu,  aer-ring,  from 
32£3  =  31£1,  Eth.  ue(;b ;  or  in  Arabic :  uaqir  alongside  of  naqir,  trough 
(AJSL  23  244)  but  the  reading  IT  is  preferable.  The  verb  is  not  denomi- 
native, derived  from  T',  as  W  suggests. 

Heb.  D'|5t  is  an  Assyrian  loanword  :  ziqq  =  zinq  =  sinqu,  from  sandqu, 
to  bind,  confine  =  Arab,  ([dnuka  =  ddqa  =  Assyr.  siqu ;  cf .  Heb.  pTlt  and 
p"^n ;  see  Kings  125  27.  For  the  infixed  n  in  p^TI  cf  the  remarks  on 
Aram.  ta3p  =  pip  in  the  note  on  n'lpt,  3  e.  The  T  in  D'pT  for  D'p3T  is 
due  to  partial  assimilation  of  the  initial  D  to  the  following  nasal ;  cf. 
JttT,  time  —  Assyr.  simdnu,  from  udsama;  see  KAT^  650,  n.  3.     For  D'pIX 


32  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

(Jer.  40 1 4)  =  D^pl  cf.  Assyr.  agappu  =  gappu  (for  gadpu)  wing ;  see 
Kings  98 10.  The  T  in  STIJ  represents  an  infixed  n  (c/.  "nJ  =  "13 ;  see 
below,  ad  v.  17''  and  Kings  258  -23)  while  the  5  in  S133  is  infixed  just  as 
the  3  in  pir::  and  U3p ;  the  3  in  ^l^D  is  due  to  partial  assimilation  of  the 
initial  3  to  the  final  ^.  The  noun  =133,  wing  is  ultimately  identical  with 
^13,  hand,  and  the  original  form  is  =1J.  Heb.  D'pT,  fetters  and  pIC',  5<ree< 
are  ultimately  derived  from  the  same  root ;  cf .  Kings  133,  n.  f 

(11)  After  nsarn  we  must  supply  (but  not  insert)  nan  D12  (c/ 
Is.  51 17  22  Jer.  25  15)  =  n»a!r  ni3U^  D13  (Ez.  23  33)  =  to  ttot-^plov  tov  olvov 
Tov  6vfiov  Tr}<i  6pyrj<;  avTov  (Rev.  16  19  ;  cf.  14  10).      Cf  also  Obad.  le. 

The  participle  nabl73  means  covered,  i.e.  overcome  =  fainting,  falling 
into  a  swoon.  In  Arabic,  gdSiia  means  to  cover,  and  guSiia  'alaihi,  lit.  a 
cover  was  put  upon  him,  is  the  common  expression  for  he  swooned,  became 
senseless.  It  is  not  necessary  to  read  ns":?!?) ;  cf  IB'^V,  are  overcome,  lie 
fainting,  Is.  51  20  and  ^bviT,  he  was  overcome  (by  the  heat)  Jon.  4  s;  also 
^'i::iV\  faints,  fails,  Is.  57  le.  The  inf.  Hiph.  ubvn  means  in  Eccl.  3  11 
covering,  veil  —  KaAu/A/xa,  2  Cor.  3  is;  c/".  Haupt,  Ecclesiastes  (Baltimore, 
1905)  p.  42,  n.  18.  The  gratuitous  emendation  bttU,  proposed  by  Ka- 
menetzky  (ZAT  24  238)  and  Macdonald  (JBL  18212)  was  suggested 
long  ago  by  a  critic  of  authority  in  C.  H.  H.  Wright's  commentary 
(London,  1883)  p.  437.  J.  D.  Michael  is'  explanation  of  nabl73  as  a 
privative  denominative  (AJSL  22  251,  1.  3)  of  nfibv,  i.e.  defloured,  devir- 
ginated  (cf .  our  term  m,aiden  fortress)  is  impossible ;  r\f2h)i  means  young 
woman,  not  virgin. 

The  following  hemistichal  pair  (v.  ll**)  is  a  gloss  to  v.  14  which  rep- 
resents the  original  sequel  of  v.  11  ;  w.  12  and  13  must  be  inserted  after 
V.  15,  at  the  end  of  the  original  poem  ;  they  were  displaced  by  the  glosses 
in  vv.  16  and  17.     Cf  the  note  on  1 11  (p.  25). 

(14)  In  V.  14  the  two  clauses  "^"'n^t^a  ''ptn  and  "ifehS  'Dam  are  glosses  ; 
nahD  'Dtom  explains  the  preceding  lD"'t3D  'XS,  and  '^''■isaa  pin  is  a  gloss 
to  the  entire  verse,  and  should  therefore  be  placed  after  the  second 
hemistich. 

The  line  y^  ''aXC'  mittt  ''ti  does  not  refer  to  boiling  water  which  is  to 
be  poured  over  the  besiegers ;  nor  does  it  mean  Fill  the  moats  (cf .  above, 
p.  16,  n.  10).  It  refers  to  the  fact  that  the  besiegers  will  cut  off  the 
water-supply  of  Nineveh,  so  that  the  Ninevites  will  depend  again  on  the 
rain  water  as  in  the  time  before  Sennacherib  built  the  great  waterworks 
of  Nineveh. 

The  phrase  tO'tS3  ""KS,  Go  into  the  mud  means  Knead  the  soil  with  your 
feet;  the  clay  (Span,  adobe)  was  mixed  with  water,  and  then  worked 
with  the  feet.  The  emendation  ''D13  (Gratz,  N;  cf.  Zech.  10 5)  is  gra- 
tuitous. The  inhabitants  of  the  besieged  city  will  be  forced  to  make 
bricks  in  order  to  restore  the  fortifications  destroyed  by  the  besiegers. 
In  Assyrian  we  find  the  same  phrase:  tita  erebu  (HW  yOP).  Heb.  I2''t3 
=  Assyr.  titu  stands  for  tintu,  with  partial  assimilation  of  the  feminine 


HAUPT  :     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  33 

n  as  in  Syr.  Kt3»rp,  archer  for  Xnt^p,  from  Assyr.  qaStu,  bow  (a  biconso- 
nantal  feminine  form)  pi.  qasuti ;  cf.  AJSL  23  248,  below. 

(15)  The  two  wh^^  of  v.  15  must  be  transposed;  cf.  the  remarks  on 
the  transpositions  in  1  u  14  and  2  5. 

For  "lasrip"!  read  "'3"inn.  The  reading  "I33nn  is  not  a  graphic  corrup- 
tion, but  it  is  influenced  by  ""iMDn  in  the  second  hemistich  (c/.  the 
remarks  on  bbtSK  1°  for  3XT  in  1  4). 

These  imperatives  are  concessive  :  just  make  thyself  numerous  =  even  if 
thou  makest  thyself  numerous,  i.e.  in  spite  of  thy  large  population  and  the 
numerous  troops  manning  thy  fortresses,  fire  will  devour  thee.  Some- 
times such  imperatives  are  ironical,  e.g.  in  the  gloss  Eccl.  11  9:  — 

Just  walk  in  the  ways  of  thy  heart 

and  in  the  sight  of  thine  eyes ; 
But  know  that  for  all  these  things 

to  judgment  God  will  bring  thee ! 

Cy.  also  the  two  Maccabean  passages  Is.  47x2  and  Lam.  4  21  (OLZ  10  63). 

The  X  in  .iniK  is  not  prothetic,  as  in  Syr.  rplK  for  y^"5-|,  etc. 
(N  old  eke,  Syr.  Gr.^,  §  51).  The  stem  is  not  "S"!,  but  2"1«;  cf.  1DK  = 
''"13  (AJSL  23  247)  and  Assyr.  dribu  (or  e7-ibu)  a  swarm  of  locusts.  The 
final  n  in  n3~lK  represents  the  nominal  affix  "' ;  n?')H  =  arbal,  just  as 
Assyr.  f/absu,  inflated  skin  (Arab  tauf)  =gabSaiu;  cf.  Ezekiel  65  le  and 
AJSL  1  179,  n.  4.  The  Assyr.  verb  ardbu  (to  devastate  the  fields)  is 
denominative;  Tennyson  says:  This  Philip  and  the  black  faced  swarms 
of  Spain  .  .  .  come  locus  ting  upon  us. 

The  third  hemistich  of  v.  15%  ph"^  '^':'3Kn  is  a  gloss  (so  W)  to  the 
first  hemistich  tyK  "^ibSKri'DJI.  Also  vv.  16  and  17  contain  glosses  to 
V.  15 ;  the  antiquarian  and  biological  erudition  displayed  in  these  verses 
cannot  be  credited  to  the  original  poet. 

For  DIT,  at  the  beginning  of  v.  15,  read  DJ  or  DJI ;  we  find  the  same 
mistake  in  Ps.  137  3,  where  we  must  read  DH'^D,  although  (Eccl.  4 14) 
instead  of  DiI^'^S  ;  see  OLZ  10  65,  n.  3. 

(16.  17)  V.  16*  and  v.  17*  expand  Nahum's  terse  statement  regarding 
the  countless  population  of  Nineveh,  while  v.  16''  and  v.  17''  supply  some 
biological  information  with  regard  to  the  locusts.  In  v.  17  we  find  also 
some  tertiary  glosses  (cf.  3,  xx)- 

(16'')  The  hemistich  ^V^'i  tStTS  pT  severs  the  connection  between 
V.  16»  and  v.  17"  which  form  a  bra  with  2  +  2  beats. 

The  verb  tOtt^S  refei's  to  the  exuviation  (or  ecdysis)  of  the  locust.  We 
use  exuvice  of  the  skins,  etc.,  of  animals,  which  are  shed  or  sloughed  off, 
while  in  Latin,  exuvice  is  used  also  for  spoils,  just  as  Heb.  tSU^S  means  also 
to  plunder.  Arab,  sdlaxa,  to  shed  the  skin,  is  connected  with  the  root  W 
which  we  have  in  hhv,  to  plunder ;  Arab,  sdlaba;  cf.  AJSL  23  252,  A.  E. 
Shipley  states  in  the  article  on  locusts,  EB  2808:  On  leaving  the  egg 
the  young  immediately  cast  their  skin,  an  operation  repeated  about  the 


34  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

gth^  13th^  ojst^  3l8t^  and  50**^  day;  the  wings  attain  their  perfect  develop- 
ment and  the  locust  becomes  capable  of  flight  only  at  the  6"^  and  last 
molt.  The  Assyr.  stem  paSdtu,  to  obliterate,  has  no  connection  with  Heb. 
lOtCD,  but  is  a  transposition  of  ^^'^,  to  rinse,  to  wash  off. 

The  term  pb^  is  not  derived  from  pph  =  vvh  (cf .  Kings  175,  n.  J)  but 
it  may  be  connected  with  Assyr.  ilqitu  (IIW  76)  and  Arab,  ualaqa  which 
denotes  a  leaping  gait  of  the  camel,  so  that  p7''  may  mean  leaper ;  cf.  our 
grasshopper  and  German  Sprengling  or  Sprengsel  =  locust.  The  second 
syllable  of  German  Heuschreck  represents  the  obsolete  verb  schrecken  = 
to  leap;  cf.  Luther's  Bible,  Job  39  20 :  Kannst  dti  es  schrecken  wie  die 
Heuschrecken  ?  i.e.  CaJist  thou  make  him  (the  horse)  leap  as  a  locust  ?    Heb. 

(17^)  The  1  in  TIJ  (whence  the  name  Cadiz)  is  an  infixed  fl,  and  "IJ  is 
connected  with  Tp  and  Assyr.  kdru,  wall ;  cf.  the  remarks  on  P|1J  above, 
p.  32,  and  AJSL  23  247.  In  mp  OVS  (which  is  perhaps  influenced  by 
n"i2C  DVD,  1 7)  DV  should  be  transposed :  we  must  read  DVn  "Ip3,  in  the 
cool  of  the  day  (for  'ip,  cool,  see  AJSL  23  242)  i.e.  from  sunset  to  su>vise  ; 
in  Arabic,  the  dual  al-harddni  (cf.  Heb.  "113)  means  morning  and  evening ; 
and  ftarf/u 'n-naMri  =  daybreak.  Toward  nightfall  (DVn  H;"!?,  Gen.  3  8; 
cf  my  remarks  in  AJSL  22  203,  n.  17)  the  locusts  alight  on  the  ground, 
but  the  next  morning,  as  soon  as  the  sun  has  warmed  them  a  little,  they 
resume  their  flight  and  disappear.  As  long  as  they  are  chilled  by  the 
night  air  and  have  their  wings  weighted  with  dew,  they  are  unable  to 
fly;  cf  Dr.  Post's  article  in  Hastings'  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  vol.  3, 
p.  130. 

The  last  hemistich,  Itolptt  UlirK^l,  has  been  expanded  by  a  prefixed 
and  an  affixed  gloss,  Tlil  and  d^K;  both  are  superfluous.  For  IDiptt  we 
had  better  read  D^lpD  (cf  D'3'nn)  although  the  suffix  refers  to  the  col- 
lective ''31J1.  The  singular  suffix  in  iaip^  may  be  influenced  by  K7l 
IttipD  "nU"13T3"',  Ps.  103  16  =  Job  7  10 ;  Ittipa  may  also  mean  the  place 
(Kings  299  30).  The  singular  "tlil  for  "11131  may  be  due  to  haplography ; 
cf.  llaupt,  Purim,  p.  23,  1.  9 ;  see  also  above,  p.  29,  ad  ^S'llDub,  2  1. 

(16'')  The  clause  '^''b'3'^  n''Sin  may  be  concessive,  just  as  the  impera- 
tives in  v.  IS**;  but  it  is  not  necessary  to  substitute  the  imperative  (so 
W]\I)  in  this  gloss ;  cf  the  conditional  clause  T'?"'"^^  TXTlbsx  in  v.  13. 
Heb.  ■^'t'SI  is  dissyllabic  (rdkhldi^kh} . 

(17*)  For  T^\^^  we  must  not  read  ■]''112tt  (see  Isaiah  107  27  and  below, 
note  on  ,inbl?,1,  38)  or  I3^3ri  (Gratz)  but  we  must  point:  T-l':?"?,  % 
exorcists,  conjurers,  part.  Piel  of  173  =  Assyr.  nazaru,  to  curse,  execrate 
(adjure,  conjure).  Alongside  of  1W  we  find  also  17K  in  Assyrian  (cf. 
AJSL  23  252).  The  primitive  meaning  of  this  stem  is  to  hind  (cf.  mi^, 
girdle)  just  as  UK,  to  curse  means  originally  to  bind ;  cf.  Assyr.  arm,  bird- 
catcher  and  irru,  rope,  snare  (HW  138)  also  our  spellbound.  In  Arabic, 
mundir  means  admonisher,  apostle,  preacher,  just  as  ]T\'0  means  priest  in 
Hebrew,  while  the  corresponding  Arab,  kdhin  means  seer,  diviner.     Ileb. 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum  35 

■^''Ti,  devotee,  Nazirite  is  derived  from  the  same  stem ;  a  voxv  is  merely  a 
promissory  oath,  cf.  our  vowing  vengeance  =  German  Rache  gelobend.  The 
stem  "113  is  a  differentiated  dialectic  byform  of  1TD ;  cf.  p"iriQ  alongside 
of  "itt'B ;  see  Proverbs   51 14 ;  Kings  192  22  275  29. 

Also  IDSa  is  a  Babylonian  loanword  =  Assyr.  tupsarru,  scribe,  i.e. 
hierogrammatist.  The  word  is  ultimately  Sumerian,  a  compound  of  dup, 
tablet  (which  has  passed  into  Syriac  as  i^E?)  and  sar,  to  write.  Instead 
of  Y"'^?*^  and  "iDBp  (Jer.  51  27)  we  ought  to  point:  ■^'"iDEa  and  "iDBD; 
the  ta  is  due  to  the  u-vowel ;  a  t  followed  by  u  sounds  like  t3,  while  a  p  fol- 
lowed by  i  sounds  like  5 ;  therefore  the  Assyrians  often  write  tu  for  ^,  ku 
for  (5,  and  ki  for  p  ;  see  my  ASKT  169,  §  13;  Kings  86  11  208  15.  The  a 
in  "]''"lD£t3  instead  of  T""lC£ui  or  "]''"1DB0  is  due  to  the  fact  that  after  a  tfl  an 
d  sounds  almost  like  0,  just  as  our  ivand  is  pronounced  tvond ;  cf.  BA 
1 252.  The  late  compiler  of  the  oracle  in  Jer.  50  51  (which  was  written 
about  the  end  of  the  reign  of  John  Hyrcanus,  135-104  b.c.)  took  "iDStD  to 
mean  "IBID  =  "iDItT,  i.e.  a  military  officer ;  cf .  Judges  35  50 ;  contrast  Kings 
304  37.     See  also  the  note  on  D'tt^J,  v.  13. 

The  form  ^^^i  (—  Arab.  Jdbi)  at  the  end  of  v.  17*  represents  a  correc- 
tion of  the  preceding  Siil.  For  the  apocope  of  the  termination  ai  or  e  cf, 
71?^  =  ri7l70,  etc.  (see  AJSL  22  253,  n.  14)  and  for  undeleted  corrigenda 
cf.  Kings  194  20.  The  variants  "'^13  ^13  may  be  rendered  in  German : 
Sprengsel,  Sprengling ;  and  in  English:  creaker,  cricket  (^cricket  means 
creaker,  i.e.  chirper).  In  Assyrian  we  could  use  eribu  (=  dribu,  participle 
of  3"1«)  and  eribu  (i.e.  ''mK  =  Heb.  rfil^;  see  above,  ad  v.  15).  The 
stem  of  31J  =  ''2'IJ  is  akin  to  S<3J,  to  gather,  so  that  ''SIJ  means  originally  a 
gathering  or  sivarm  (of  locusts).  Cf.  Ethiop.  gubae,  collection,  congrega- 
tion ;  Assyr.  gabbu  (for  gab^u)  all ;  gubbu  (for  gub'u)  cistern  (cf.  Heb.  D'llJ 
2  K  3 16  Jer  14  3  and  K3J,  pool,  sivamp,  Is.  30 14  Ez.  47  11)  lit.  reservoir 
(p)p'^')  i.e.  a  place  where  water  collects  or  is  collected  or  stored.  The 
root  1p  is  a  modification  of  2J  or  D3 ;  Ip,  cord  is  a  collection  of  strands 
twisted  or  woven  together.  Heb.  niJ,  h^:^ ;  K^J,  h^^,  IttJ ;  ^33 ;  frsp,  pap ; 
Assyr.  tTDJI,  hyp ;  Arab,  jami,  jamil,  kdmil,  etc.  are  aU  derivations  of 
the  same  root  3J  =  dJ  =  3p  =  Dp  =  1p  =  33  =  D5 ;  cf.  the  remarks  on 
Pi;X  =  ^133  ==  P]3  in  the  note  on  D''pT,  v.  10  and  AJSL  23  252. 

(12)  The  prefixed  ^3  is  scribal  expansion. 

lei  D^JXn  should  be  read  D^3Kn ;  cf.  the  remarks  on  Dnx',  v.  8. 

For  Dy,  at  the  beginning  of  the  second  hemistich,  substitute  "^fiU, 
which  we  find  in  the  Received  Text  at  the  beginning  of  v.  13  ;  ."13,1  before 
"^121?  is  scribal  expansion. 

V.  12''  is  an  explanatory  gloss :  the  Assyrian  fortifications  are  like 
fig-trees  (D'SKD)  and  their  garrisons  like  firstripe  figs;  if  the  D'^llkDa  are 
shaken,  the  DU  manning  them  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  besiegers,  lit. 
into  the  mouth  of  the  eater,  i.e.  they  are  swallowed  up.  For  frstripefgs  see 
Haupt,  Biblische  Liebeslieder  (Leipzig,  1907)  n.  11  on  No.  X. 

(13)  In  V.  13  the  hemistichal  pair  '^2f-iK  nriy       innSJ  (nmS)  T?'^'' 


36  JOUBNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

is  an  explanatory  gloss  in  which  nins  represents  a  tertiary  scribal  expan- 
sion. 

The  first  two  words  of  this  verse,  "^au  HSn,  belong  to  v.  12. 

Only  the  two  hemistichs  "^^npn  D'tyj  aud  T'?"'^  tTK-nbrx  are  genuine, 
and  they  must  be  transposed ;  cf.  the  remarks  on  1  ii  h.  If  ^?~ip3  D'tt'D 
was  the  second  hemistich,  we  can  understand  why  "^sy,  which  represents 
the  beginning  of  the  second  hemistich  of  the  preceding  verse,  appears 
before  C'l^J.     For  vertical  dittography  see  above,  ad  v.  10. 

The  clause  T'?'"'^  tt'XTlbsK  is  conditional;  cf.  the  concessive  clause 
•^"bST  rT'mn  at  the  beginning  of  v.  16.  For  the  unaccented  upbeat 
{Auftalct)  in  irK-lbsN  cf.  above,  ad  1  s^. 

For  D''^:,  women,  we  must  read  tDT?,  we  shall  destroy,  from  D?3tr,  or 
rather  IttT'',  they  will  destroy.  Similarly  (S  has  for  DT?,  Num.  21  so 
■yuvatKCs.  The  compiler  of  the  late  oracle  Jer.  50  37  51  so  (cf  Is.  19  le  and 
the  note  on  "iDBta,  v.  17")  read  0^^^ ;  but  if  the  Assyrians  had  been  women, 
the  siege  of  Nineveh  would  not  have  lasted  so  long. 

(18)  The  section  3  s-is,  apart  from  the  glosses  relegated  to  the  mar- 
gin, represents  an  old  poem  composed  by  an  Israelitish  poet  in  Assyria 
about  607  b.c.  before  the  destruction  of  Nineveh  in  606  B.C.  But  the 
last  two  verses  of  c.  3  were  added  by  the  Maccabean  compiler  of  this 
festal  liturgy  for  the  celebration  of  Nicanor's  Day.  The  suffixes  in 
T'SJn,  T"'"^^.  T^^^'^j  ']^^^,  1'^^'^,  T''^  should  be  feminine,  referring  to 
the  City  of  Nineveh  (i.e.  the  Seleucidan  Kingdom),  not  masculine; 
m«^«  ibo  is  a  gloss.     Cf.  above,  p.  29,  ad  2  u^  (2,  p). 

For  Ifai  instead  of  Itt?  cf.  the  remarks  on  'l'^^  v.  10. 

After  1tt3  we  must  supply  (but  not  insert)  onZ'  (Ps.  76  e)  or  Dbw  r\:V 
(Jer.  51 39  67).  All  these  passages  are  Maccabean  :  Ps.  76  refers  to  Judas 
Maccabseus'  victory  over  Nicanor ;  see  my  remarks  in  ZDMG  61  286 ; 
for  Jer.  51  cf.  the  note  on  IDBtO,  v.  17. 

Instead  of  IWIT'  read  M^'  (not  123tt?^). 

For  -[n'lK  (/.  VT-iK,  2  6. 

Instead  of  lUTBJ  read  1^33,  from  pS,  as  in  1  K  22  17.  The  stem  ns 
(whence  the  name  JUT'S,  Surgy,  i.e.  risiny  in  billows ;  see  JAOS  16  ciii,  J) 
means  to  gambol,  caper,  leap,  spring,  skip  (cf.  Jer.  50  11,  quoted  in  the  notes 
on  "in'l,  Nah.  3  2)  but  not  to  scatter. 

The  addition  Dnnn  bll  is  derived  from  the  parallel  passage  in  Kings 
(see  Kings  171 10  and  cf.  the  remarks  on  the  gloss  tilS  in  v.  9). 

(19)  Instead  of  nnS  read,  with  W,  .l.nj;  cf.  Kings  293  52;  contrast 
CZn^  for  D'Cns  in  2  4''  (1,  (3).  This  noun  .inJ  (for  gihhdiatu)  corresponds 
to  Syr.  Xn'na  (or  Hri13\"i:?3)  deliverance  from  pain,  etc.  Cf.  also  Arab. 
jdhha  'l-Sdjjata  (=  udssa'aha)  which  does  not  mean  to  enlarge  a  wound  (in 
the  head)  but  to  mitigate  it. 

The  final  clause.  Tan  iniJ-l  niSl?  ^h  "Si  br  '3,  is  a  prosaic  explana- 
tory gloss ;  the  suffix  in  ''\T\V\  may  be  either  masculine  or  feminine ;  cf 
the  note  on  HSSJ^'pa  at  the  end  of  c.  2. 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum  37 

1 

The  fourth  section  consists  of  ten  couplets  with  3  +  2  beats  in  each 
line,  i.e.  the  same  meter  as  in  the  second  Maccabean  section,  3.  The 
first  nine  couplets  (which  may  be  grouped  in  three  sections;  cf.  Haupt, 
Purim,  p.  47,  1.  24  and  the  Maccabean  psalm  in  the  Book  of  Jonah, 
AJSL  23  256)  were  composed  after  the  destruction  of  Nineveh  in  606 ; 
the  final  couplet,  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  Maccabean  appendix,  just  as 
the  last  four  lines  of  J. 

Section  T  consists  of  3  2  3+2  4-14 ;  3  of  3  8-19 ;  3  of  3  1  and  4-7  +  1  n- 
2  3;  H  of  1 1-10.  Consequently  81  +  4-7  must  be  inserted  before  1  ii-2  3, 
and  2  4-14,  preceded  by  3  2  3,  should  stand  after  c.  3.  Section  *1  (2  4-14) 
has,  it  may  be  supposed,  been  inserted  after  3,  because  it  is  in  the  same 
meter  (3  +  2)  while  J  appears  at  the  end  of  the  book,  because  it  has  a 
different  meter  (2  +  2).  The  reason  why  the  first  line  of  3  (3  1)  has 
been  inserted  after  2  u^  has  been  indicated  on  p.  29,  in  the  note  on 
S,  p ;  the  insertion  of  the  first  three  D'T'ira  of  T  between  the  first  and 
the  second  hv^^  of  3  (3  14)  has  been  explained  above,  on  p.  23.  Cf. 
my  restoration  of  the  Hebrew  text  of  Canticles  in  AJSL  19  22-32  and  my 
arrangement  of  Ecclesiastes  in  Haupt,  Koheleth  oder  W eltschmerz  in  der 
Bibel  (Leipzig,  1905).  Cf.  also  the  remarks  on  transpositions  in  ancient 
Arabic  poems  in  N  old  eke,  Beitrdge  zur  Kenntniss  der  Poesie  der  alten 
Araher  (Hannover,  1864)  p.vii ;  Ahlwardt,  Bemerkungen  iiher  die  Achtheit 
der  alten  Arabischen  Gedichte  (Greifswald,  1872)  pp.  18  and  84. 

(1  lb)  For  the  heading,  '"trpbxn  Dlffi  pin,  see  above,  p.  18.  The  pre- 
fixed nSD  is  a  gloss;  cf.  EB  3259. 

(3  2)  The  singulars,  tOW,  ]ZMi,  DID,  HMntt,  U^nS,  Snn,  n^JH,  njS,  1212,  rjDbn 
(and  DD"in  in  gloss  (3)  are  collective ;  cf.  our  horse  =  cavalry. 

The  participle  "IHT  means  crying,  neighing,  not  galloping.  Barth  has 
pointed  out  that  this  stem  is  identical  with  Arab,  hddara,  to  roar,  which 
is  used  of  the  roaring  of  the  sea,  the  braying  of  an  ass,  etc.  Hddara 
means  especially  ^duuata  fi  gairi  Siqsiqatin,  to  roar  without  inflation  of 
the  siqSiqa,  i.e.  the  faucial  bag  (German  Briillsack)  of  a  male  camel  which 
he  inflates  and  projects  out  of  his  throat  at  the  season  of  rut,  when  he 
sees  a  female  camel.  Arab,  hadra  means  (like  ]1Sir ;  cf  Ktt^m,  1  5)  crash  ; 
Arab.  hadir  =  roaring  of  the  waves  (cf.  D''^"'  jiXtT,  Ps.  65  8).  Hadir,  coo- 
ing of  doves,  stands  for  hadil.  For  the  transposition  in  "im  =  hddara 
cf.  AJSL  22  260,  n.  10.  Our  verb  to  bray  was  formerly  used  also  with 
reference  to  the  bull,  deer,  etc.,  as  well  as  to  man.  On  the  other  hand, 
Herodotus  (3  84)  uses  (ftOayyecrdaL  with  reference  to  a  horse. 

In  the  Song  of  Deborah  (Jud.  5  22)  the  hemistichal  pair, 

v-i'SK  nT^.n-i  mn'n'i'iD       did  "spy  labniK 

means :   Then  clattered  the  hoofs  of  the  horses        from  the  yells,  the  yells  of 
his  heroes,  i.e.  owing  to  the  (incessant  frantic)  yelling  of  the  heroes  (of 


38  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

the  enemies)  urging  on  their  steeds,  the  horses  galloped  so  that  their 
hoofs  clattered.  In  Arabic,  rdkada  means  not  only  to  urge  on  a  horse,  to 
gallop,  but  also  to  flee ;  cf.  the  note  on  TOV^,  3  2.  In  Scotland,  to  thud 
means  to  move  with  velocity ;  IttTTI  =  they  thudded  away.  In  German  the 
DID  '3py  71p  is  called  Huficldag,  i.e.  hoof-beat  {cf.  Lat.  pulsus,  Greek  ktuttos). 
Apart  from  Zagen  for  Schreien,  Luther  translates  Jud.  5^2  correctly: 
Da  rasselten  der  Pferde  Fiisse  vor  dem  Zagen  ihrer  mdchtigen  Reiter.  The 
sufllx  in  VTSK  refers  to  the  enemy ;  cf.  VT^K  and  inm^J,  Nah.  2  4''  6. 
We  must  not  read  ^O^ri,  nor  need  we  join  the  prefixed  J3  of  mim  1°  to 
DID  ;  contrast  Ps.  68  27  (AJSL  23  239) .  The  first  fTnm  is  not  a  suspended 
status  constructus,  but  status  ahsolutus ;  for  the  repetition  cf.  v.  5 : 

b^'w  ^^bK  ni-T'-'jaa     r\]n'"K>  ^b^:  ann 

and  gloss  6  in  Ps.  68  (AJSL  23  224).  S  renders  Jud.  5  22:  KDpU  bSJ  pTH 
mB''prn  x'^'m  sn&ID  p  ntrDin;  Syriac  «nanj,  roaring,  is  a  correct 
translation  of  Heb.  m"ini ;  contrast  ZDMG  56  456.  3  renders  freely  : 
ungulae  equorum  ceciderunt,  fugientibus  impetu,  et  per  praeceps  ruentibus 
foriissimis  hostium;  cf.  ZDMG  .56  461.  In  this  passage,  ceciderunt  does 
not  mean  they  fell  =  they  stumbled,  but  they  came  down  with  a  crash  ;  cf . 
fulmina  cadentia  and  our  the  blows  fell,  also  7DD  in  Gen.  24  64  2  K  5  21. 
They  tumbled  all  over  themselves  trying  to  get  away.  In  Arabic, 
udqa'a,  to  fall,  means  also  'to  rush  away'  (ddhaba  uanldlaqa  sari' an) 
=  German  fortstiirzen.  The  comments  on  Jud.  5  22  in  ZDMG  56  453-466 
are  unsatisfactory,  and  the  restoration  of  this  line,  given  on  p.  184, 
is  gratuitous. 

Also  in  Jer.  8  le  VI^Dl?  m^rilC  denotes  the  yells  of  the  horsemen,   not 
the  neighing  of  the  horses.     We  must  read : 

VDiD  nnro  uatt^j  ]yi 

The  prefixed  tt  before  nbnjf  is  not  a  nominal  preformative,  but  the 
preposition  I'D,  as  in  Jud.  5  22.  We  must  point  nibnita,  plur.  constr. 
of  ""I'pnst;  cf.  Isaiah  110  41.  The  noun  mbn2£a  in  the  late  passage  Jer. 
13  27  has  a  different  meaning :  it  is  explained  by  the  following  gloss 
rini:T  naT;  cf  Syr.  Kbin^,  lustful.  The  noun  ."I'pni:  represents  a  form 
<;ahalat,  not  Quhalat.  The  explanation  of  mTHSi'a  in  the  prefixed  gloss 
blpa  is  correct.  2D  has  ^'^^"1D■'J  for  VTDK,  3  (a  voce  hinnituum)  J)ug- 
natorum  ejus;  but  Si  ^"^TaDn  Kb^attl  K^p  i^,  while  VD1D  rnTO  is  ren- 
dered :  ntt'D"!'!  ^/ ^^V•  Heb.  n"iro,  however,  means  snorting,  not  neighing ; 
see  my  paper  on  the  cuneiform  name  of  the  sperm-whale,  AJSL  23  263. 
In  Arabic,  ^dhala  is  used  of  the  cry  of  a  horse  (^dhala  'l-fdrasu  tdd 
(;duuata)  but  in  German  the  terra  wiehern  (i.e.  to  neigh,  to  whinny)  is 
used  also  of  a  roaring  laughter;  cf.  our  horse-laugh  (see  Haupt,  Purim, 
p.  13,  1.  30).  Roaring  may  be  used  with  reference  to  a  lion,  a  tempest, 
the  sea,  boisterous  mirth ;  it  may  denote  also  an  outcry  of  distress,  etc. 


HAUPT:     THE   BOOK   OF   NAHUM  39 

In  Arabic,  qdrqara  (which  denotes  originally  the  sound  of  rushing 
water ;  cf.  AJSL  23  246)  means  not  only  to  roar,  to  crow,  to  coo,  to  murmur, 
but  also  to  guffaw;  and  in  modern  Arabic  it  means  to  complain,  to  grumble. 
In  Is.  12  6  24  14  54  i  Jer.  31 7  vT]1  appears  as  a  synonym  of  p'^,  to  shout  for 
joy;  in  Esth.  8  is  we  read  nnat'l  rbr\^  \^'^V  Tum ;  but  in  Is.  10  so  "^ns: 
means  to  utter  shrill  cries  of  distress,  just  as  we  speak  not  only  of  shrieks 
of  laughter  but  also  of  shrieks  affright. 

Nor  does  V"l''3K  in  the  Maccabean  passage  Jer.  47  3  refer  to  the  horses. 

We  must  read:       Pi33nb  tru'iia     rT3x  niDiQ  ncu^^a 
yhhi  Jinn  (^)  ;d''T  ivbiz:     D^3n"bK  misK  lierTK"?  "^ip  (a) 

The  stem  taUtt'  corresponds  to  Arab,  ta'ata,  a  synonym  of  ddqqa,  to  pound 
(Heb.  P\^'^)  and  rddaxa,  to  smash  (which  corresponds  to  Heb.  n^CT,  to 
slay).  For  "in'SK  ^  has  again,  correctly,  ^-n-l3'J,  ^  \in3Dn  KnolB,  3 
bellatorum  ejus.  The  h  in  IMl'?  (cf.  Q'^TSab  mra,  Nah.  2  12)  is  in- 
serted for  rhythmical  reasons;  just  as  Xtt^HD  ■'731J3  is  more  rhythmical 
than  Ktr-I  ^bjys,  Jer.  60  11;  see  below.  The  phrase  ^^'D'h  urr-iD  (  =  ® 
^'^^^Tl"l'7  yitt)  which  Corn  ill  considers  to  be  a  gloss,  is  far  more 
poetic  than  1vJ7J  p^n,  which  Cornill  relegates  to  the  margin.  For 
the  intransitive  Hiphil  1DSn"N7  (2E  VJSnK)  cf  the  last  hemistich  of 
Nah.  29:  nOBO  T^l,  also  A'm^s  217  2;  AJSL  22  204,  1.  4.  For  the  sec- 
ond line  of  Jer.  47  3  cf  11.  112,  113  of  the  cuneiform  account  of  the 
Deluge,  mistranslated  by  Jensen,  KB  6236,  1.  113;  see  KAT'^  (1883) 
62  27  73  10. 

In  Jer.  50 11,  on  the  other  hand, 

ffTaxa  ibni:m   xtrn's'  ^b:vi^  iirisn-'S 

the  noun  D"'1'aK  means  bulls;  we  must  render:  though  ye  bellow  like 
bulls  (so  AV).  For  the  concessive  '3  see  the  note  on  mpp2"''D,  Nah.  2  3. 
(S  icrKLpTa.T€  0)5  /Sot'Sia  iv  /Soravr],  Koi  iKeparilcTe  (this  is  wrong)  ws  ravpoi, 

3  sicut  vituli  super  herham  et  mugistis  sicut  tauri,  ^  plp^.m  K"?Jy  T'K  Jllt^n 

XDU-i  X-13T  7K,  ST  Kna^JD  p'^itam  Kprin  "bjuD. 

There  is  no  evidence  that  D'"l''aK  ever  refers  to  horses,  nor  does  *ii"l1 
mean  to  gallop. 

The  clause  nbwtt  IPIB  forms  the  last  hemistich  of  v.  2 ;  the  pIDB  B]1D 
after  mpntt  nasittl  must  be  transposed.  The  collective  t^^S  means  here 
horsemen,  not  horses ;  cf .  the  second  hemistich  of  gloss  /3 :  I^.VIC  D'''f">'S'."n 
=  (5  Kttt  01  iTTTreis  Oopv/BrjcrovTaL. 

After  nbua  we  may  supply  (but  not  insert)  IDIDTlK,  cf.  the  intran- 
sitive Hiphil  i"I3Ba  in  2  9;  nSutt  means  literally  he  rears  =  he  causes  (his 
horse)  to  rear  by  urging  him  on  with  whip  and  spur.  Spur  (Assyr.  ziqtu) 
is  no  anachronism ;  see  1.  54  of  the  sixth  tablet  of  the  Babylonian  Nim- 
rod  Epic  (KB  6  ni ;  cf  p.  450  and  HW  262»').  The  Median  horsemen 
may  have  spurred  (or  goaded)  their  horses  with  the  points  of  their 
swords,   etc.,   or   with   their  feet ;    cf    Arab,   rdkada  =  ddfda :    rdkada 


40  JOURNAL  OF   BIBLICAL  LITERATURE 

*l-fdrasa  hi-rijldihi  idd  'stahdttahu  lil-ddui;  — hatta  =  hadda).  Heb.  nbuO 
has  here  about  the  same  meaning  as  Arab,  mutardkid.  C£.  also  Arab. 
udkara  which  means  to  move  with  springs  or  bounds,  to  rear,  to  race,  etc. 

(24'')  The  first  three  D"'btra  of  1  have  been  displaced  in  the  Re- 
ceived Text  by  gloss  ^.  The  first  b^fl  of  jS  (2  4^)  is  a  variant  (cf. 
Kings  213  48)  to  the  second  hv^  of  3  2,  and  the  two  D"'7ti'tt  of  the  fol- 
lowing verse  (2  5)  represent  an  explanatory  gloss  to  this  variant :  2  b^  ex- 
plains the  second  hemistich  of  2  4*';  (I'^^'in  D'l^TS'n)  and  2  5*'  gives 
an  explanation  of  the  first  hemistich  of  2  4'';  it  is  therefore  better  to 
transpose  the  two  D'^'^tt'a  of  2  6  (cf.  the  transposition  of  the  two  D'^tTD 
of  3  15;  also  3  16  17  and  1  3  9).  The  glossator  understood  D^E^IB."!  to  mean 
horses  (of  the  chariots)  not  horsemen. 

Instead  of  UKD  we  must,  with  W,  read  ITKS  (cf.  Kings  182  25  and 
Esth.  1  18  3  4)  and  msb  (c/.  the  Homeric  XayUTreTowv,  //.  1 104 ;  Od.  4  662) 
instead  of  nn^B ;  cf.  1  Makk.  6  39  :  KCj,T7jvya^ev  ws  AajUTraSes  ttv/jos.  The 
verb  IB'?  is  denominative,  derived  from  "fab,  torch,  and  this  may  be  a 
transposition  of  dappil  =  dappir,  a  byf orm  of  Assyr.  dipdru,  torch.  The 
collective  DDin  may  be  construed  as  a  feminine  in  spite  of  Ex.  14  7 ;  cf. 
I'.TKia  in  V.  5^,  which  must  not  be  (with  W)  changed  into  Dn'^-itt. 
The  corresponding  Arabic  word  rakb,  a  troop  of  horsemen,  cavalcade, 
etc.,  may  be  construed  either  as  masculine  or  feminine;  cf.  Wright-de 
Goeje,  2i8iA;  1 293  B  (§  148,  rem.). 

The  clause  Iran  DVa  between  the  two  hemistichs  of  2  4*'  is  a  mis- 
placed gloss  to  V.  3%  just  as  "l^1^  at  the  beginning  of  v.  6,  is  a  misplaced 
gloss  to  17ir  in  1 14,  and  Dni3'''7na  ibc^a*'  (v.  6)  a  misplaced  gloss  to 
6y-in  in  the  present  bra.  The  fact  that  the  gloss  Dri'lJlD  hV2\  which 
gives  another  explanation  of  ibvin,  appears  in  the  Received  Text  at  the 
end  of  3  3,  shows  that  3  3  must  have  originally  stood  near  2  4,  just  as  the 

two  glosses  D^'^'7K  H''  pvb  D"'-i-nD  P1K1  (Ps.  68 19)  and  nnTi::  ^^:^v  a^-n^D  i« 

(Ps.  68  7)  show  that  Ps.  68  7  stood  originally  near  Ps.  68  19 ;  see  AJSL 
23  223 ;  cf.  also  my  remarks  on  the  gloss  Q"'3J  ]"'ya  in  Cant.  4  15  (AJSL  18  237, 
n.  3.5  on  No.  8)  and  Haupt,  Biblische  Liebeslieder  (Leipzig,  1907) 
p.  27,  1.  9. 

For  D'tt?ni  read,  with  W,  fftrnB ;  cf  HT  for  n\r,  1  S  17  84;  bns 
for  bna ;  contrast  nns  for  rtn3  in  3  19.  The  rendering  of  (5,  koI 
ol  iTTTTCts  OopvfSrjaovTai,  is  correct,  although  6opv(3r]crovTai  is  somewhat 
vague;  this  verb  means  especially  to  be  confused,  mixed  up,  to  be  in  a 
confused  mass  or  Jumble ;  Oopv^os  =  |ian,  nttlta ;  cf  ad  v.  9".  The  pas- 
sive 'ibunn  means  theg  are  frenzied,  i.e.  theg  run  amuck,  rushing  to  the 
attack  in  a  state  of  frenzy,  charging  furiously  with  desperate  resolution, 
at  breakneck  speed.  Their  chargers  run  like  mad  (cf.  a5"in  bbxin'  in 
v.  5  and  inr  |iyJtyn,  2  K  9  20)  as  though  they  had  the  (blind)  staggers, 
German  Koller ;  cf.  nbuin.  In  Arabic  the  verb  rd'ila  means  to  be 
stupid,  dollish,  and  the  Pual  of  its  synonym  {hdmuqa,  to  be  stupid,  dull): 
hummiqa  means  especially  to  be  stupefied  by  wine,  to  drink  wine  {Sdriba 


HAUPT:  THE  BOOK  OF  NAHUM  41 

*l-xdm.ra).  Cf.  also  Greek  (Trpocro-co)  fxAofxai  (which  is  connected  with 
fiaifxaLUi  and  /jMivofiai,  also  fxxivia  and  ^eVo?)  especially  /Ac/iaws,  also  ju-eveaiVw. 
In  the  two  misplaced  tertiary  glosses  dmSTTli  t7^2''  (2  e)  and  17^3'' 
Dn'UD  (3  3)  this/M7-ious  precipitation  was  misinterpreted  to  mean  stumbling 
in  their  course  or  over  the  corpses.  The  Kethiv  DriSI^H  must  not  be  read 
DDD'^'m,  but  the  1  should  be  transposed  as  in  UT'I  for  yiV,  1 7  and 
in  Dn'^l  for  ^m"?,  3  3 ;  we  must  read  the  plural  Driiabll,  not  the  singular 
Drip'''7n,  as  pointed  in  the  Qere.  Nor  is  the  Qere  of  'O'Vy  in  the  second 
gloss  correct;  we  must  not  read  l^^pDl,  but  iT'U'a'',  as  in  the  first  gloss. 
For  the  scriptio  defectiva  of  the  i  in  DrilDbn  cf .  Kings  84  32. 

(S'')  The  verb  12£2iT\''  is  not  frequentative,  but  intensive;  it  does 
not  mean  they  move  hither  and  thither,  in  a  zigzag  manner,  but  they 
run  fast,  quick  as  a  flash,  swift  as  lightning ;  cf.  our  they  run  '  like 
blazes '  and  modern  Arab,  rdmah,  to  run  =  Idmah,  lama. 

(5*)  For  ibbinn""  read  the  singular,  '^bmn^  ;  cf.  Kings  170,  n.*; 
296  38.  The  plural  is  conformed  to  jlpirpn^"'  in  the  second  hemistich. 
For  the  singular  in  the  first  hemistich  and  the  plural  in  the  second  cf. 
Ges.-Kautzsch,  §  145,  g.  This  raging  of  the  chariots  (German  dahin- 
rasen)  means  driving  furiously,  pyjti'3  3113;  cf.  the  remarks  on  I^Uirj. 

Just  as  bnbnnm,  Esth.  4  4  is  connected  with  ^Tl,  so  ppiypntT''  must  be 
combined  with  pItt',  leg ;   it  means  they  move  their  legs,  i.e.  they  speed ;  cf. 

Ps.  147 10 :  n^"!'  ^'«M  "pisrn'Kb    Dion  n-nnjri  xb 

Cf.  our  phrase  he  had  the  legs  of  him,  i.e.  he  was  quicker.  In  certain  parts 
of  England  to  leg  means  to  run  nimbly.  Assyr.  pur'idu,  swift  messenger, 
originally  ruiiner,  which  has  passed  into  Arabic  as  barid,  courier,  is  iden- 
tical with  puridu,  leg;  see  KB  6  sos  (me  jouHrfj  =  D''7J~i""'S3).  Both 
Heb.  "nS,  mule  and  German  Pferd,  horse  (cf.  palfrey^  are  derived 
from  the  same  stem,  and  1"iB,  lyiB,  "iSty,  etc.  go  back  to  the  same  root, 
IB,  to  flee,  fly,  speed. 

(3  3)  The  first  two  words  of  v.  3  belong  to  v.  2 ;  see  above,  p.  39. 

In  '2.T^h^  the  1  must  be  transposed  as  in  UTI,  1 7,  also  p"i3  should 
be  pointed  as  bUIB ;  the  omission  of  the  1  may  be  due  to  haplography ; 
cf.  the  note  on  "1131^7,  2  1.  Both  Smb  and  p"i3  are  denominative  parti- 
ciples like  n-lB':'  in  2  4t>.  Cf.  also  the  note  on  2  u  and  Orsm  pnS  pn3,  Ps. 
144  6.  The  verb  baraqu  is  used  also  in  Assyrian,  and  Idhiba,  to  flare,  is 
used  in  Arabic  (Idhihati  'n-ndru). 

Although  3"!n  Ls  fem.  (cf.  3  is)  the  preceding  verbal  predicate  may 
be  masc.  Nor  is  the  masculine  form  preferred  for  rhythmical  reasons  : 
ri3,l'?  would  be  dissyllabic:  lohevth-xe'rv ;  cf.  the  anapestic  beginning 
in  inyns::  ((:appe-derkh)  22;  m-nh:ii<  (akhla-eS)  S  13 ;  T^ITil  (ue-Ninue) 
2  9^;  riTlhttXI  (iiamhotheha ;  cf.  the  note  on  "iKtt,  2  2  and  N  old  eke,  Syr. 
Gr.\  §  33,  A)  i^ ;  ^tS-^b.  {bozzu-kesf)  2  10. 

Both  the  prefixed  hhn  mi  and  the  affixed  r\'^h  T\':i.'p  psi  are  explana- 
tory glosses  to  13B  1331 ;  for  3n  we  had  better  point  31.  In  "13B  "133  the 
first  word  is  not  a  substantive  in  the  construct  state,  but  a  participle 


42  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

with  recessive  accent;  cf.  Ges.-Kautzsch,  §  29,  f.  We  find  the  same 
form  in  Is.  30  27,  where  we  must  read : 

*r\W'a  iMi  iBK-iua    prnaa  K3-m.-i'"  nil 

For  HKt'a  we  must  point  HStpa,  His  crash,  i.e.  His  thunder-peals,  from  a 
noun  n^tt^a ;  see  the  note  on  Kti^m,  1 5.  Similarly  the  Masorites  have 
mispointed  the  plural  of  ."iKitTlD  (n1«1tyi2)  Ps.  73 18  74  3:  niKViJ'a,  as 
though  it  were  a  derivative  of  KU^3.  The  prefixed  DU?,  name,  before 
HIT  is  a  gloss.  In  2  K  23  12  the  form  DiTK'f 0  (which  may  have  been 
pronounced  Di"lT?  or  even  Dv^Q ;  cf.  D2  =  DHD,  etc.)  appears  as  D'f  0.  The 
form  yy^  must  be  derived  from  f^2i"l,  and  D(n)^a  means  their  crash,  i.e. 
ruin,  debris ;  cf.  Kings  295  23 ;  also  272  19,  where  I  have  stated  that  p^"i  T^^p 
does  not  mean  a  broken  reed,  but  a  split  reed.  This  is  not  ein  aiifge- 
schlitztes  Rohr  (Ges.-Buhl^*,  s.v.  f2:~i)  but  ein  zerfasertes  Rohr  (frayed, 
raveled  at  the  ends). 

The  participle  "133  in  the  present  passage  means  numerous;  cf.  German 
die  schwere  Menge  and  the  Hithpael  in  '"13311,1,  v.  15;  also  133  Dy, 
Num.  20  20  1  K  3  9 ;  133  3117,  Ex.  8  20,  etc.     For  13i3  instead  of  133  cf. 

3nK,  x?tr,  rxitr,  331,  y^n,  etc. 

The  last  two  words  of  this  verse,  3n'1J3  'h'Vy,  are  a  gloss  to  lbl?l.1, 
2  4**;  see  above,  p.  41. 

(2  4^)  The  suffix  in  111.133  (i.e.  scriptio  defectiva  for  liniSJ) -j-  and 
Vl''1K  (v.  6)  does  not  refer  to  fB^  (i.e.  Judas  Maccabaeus)  in  v.  2 
(so  W)  but  to  the  enemy  besieging  Nineveh;  cf.  Jer.  4  13  8  ig. 

Both  DIKtt,  reddened,  and  D'u'plia,  crimsoned,  mean  bespattered  with 
blood,  313  uh^yi,  Lam.  4  14  Is.  59  3.  @  e^  avOpw-Trcov  read  Dixa,  and  for 
D'ubna,  apparently,  D''3u':)na  (c/.  Arab.  Id'iba  bis-saiji  iiat-tursiX)  com- 
bining D"''3'ybn!a  with  t'K3  (e/xTTttttovTas  €v  irvpt).  For  DIKO  c/  my 
restoration  of  the  Song  of  Vengeance  in  Is.  63  i-e  (JHUC,  No.  163, 
p.  49»).  The  denominative  participle  DT'^riQ  does  not  mean  clad  in 
scarlet,  but  crimsoned,  scil.  with  blood.  The  term  crimson  is  a  doublet  of 
carmine,  and  both  are  derived  from  kermes,  alkermes  (Arab,  al-qirmiz). 
This  red  dyestuff  consists  of  the  dried  bodies  of  the  females  of  the 
Coccus  ilicis  (Heb.  "OU^  vb^n)  etc.  Heb.  DT'^Iltt  corresponds  to  the 
Shakespearean  purpled : 

Our  lusty  English,  all  with  purpled  hands. 
Dyed  in  the  dying  slaughter  of  their  foes. 


*  In  cases  like  ixba  rnSttr  there  is  an  unaccented  syllable  between  the 
two  beats:  rnBt?  was  pronounced  sfathdi(Ji)u  ;  cf.  1''3K  =  IT3K,  etc.  In 
some  cases  we  must  substitute  the  poetic  form  ll'pID  for  VD1D. 

t  Cf.  3133':>,  Nah.  2  8  and  Hyi'^'l'  =  Kal  rots  irXriffiov  aiirov,  1  S  30  26.  In 
Assyrian,  iai'reSu,  his  kings,  etc.,  is  the  usual  form  ;  see  Kings  270,  n.  *. 

J  Arab,  turs,  shield,  is  a  transposition  of  sutr  =  sdtar  /  tatdrrasa  = 
tasdttara. 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum  43 

There  has  been  a  sanguinary  battle :  everything  is  bespattered  with 
blood,  not  only  the  shields  of  the  warriors  attacking  Nineveh,  but  also 
their  faces,  hands,  etc.  They  have  received  numerous  wounds,  but, 
undaunted,  their  nobles  rush  to  the  wall  of  Nineveh,  shielded  by  the 
large  pavises  or  mantelets  ("^30).  At  the  beginning  of  v.  6  we  may 
supply  (but  not  insert)  the  adversative  C3J1,  yet ;  cf .  tTK  "^bSKn  D'Jl',  3  i5*. 

(11)  A  misplaced  (incorrect)  gloss  to  QT^rib  is  found  at  the  end  of 
V.  11 :  "ilnxa  13t3p  d'?3  ^OSI,  lit.  the  faces  of  all  of  them  have  gathered 
(i.e.  acquired*)  glow,  i.e.  all  their  faces  are  suffused  with  color,  they 
are  flushed  (from  excitement,  eagerness,  and  exertion).  The  noun  "illKS, 
glow,  is  connected  with  "illB,  pot,  lit.  boiler.  The  stem  is  "ilB ;  the  K  in 
"iliKB  must  be  explained  according  to  Ges.-Kautzsch,  §  72,  p.  The 
form  "illKS  (pdrur)  has  two  long  vowels ;  it  is  a  form  like  D'S"EK3  and 
D''2£12ty3,  but  from  a  stem  T'U  .  In  Arabic  the  verb  fm-a,  iafuru  means  to 
boil ;  ci.fdra  'l-qidaru,  the  pot  boils.  Arab,  faiir,  boiling,  means  also  a 
Jiush  of  passion,  excitement,  precipitation,  etc.  In  certain  parts  of  Eng- 
land Jlush  denotes  the  hot  stage  of  a  fever ;  cf.  Syr.  KintJ^K,  fever  =  Assyr. 
iSdtu,  fire.  In  Assyrian  we  have  puru,  urn;  cf.  Haupt,  Purim,  p.  20, 
1.  22,  and  the  paper  on  Nicanor's  Day  in  ZDMG  61  275.  The  noun  "iliKB 
means  boiler,  then  heater,  glowing  hotness,  gloiv,  flush,  vivid  redness :  and 
the  phrase  inXB  12C3p  073  ''JBI  means  :  all  their  faces  blazed  vivid,  burning 
crimson. 

(6)  The  first  word  of  v.  6,  n^r  is  a  misplaced  (corrective)  gloss  to 
UTP,  1  4 ;  see  above,  p.  26. 

The  suffix  in  V"i"''n><  refers  to  the  enemy ;  the  suffix  in  nnain,  to  the 
besieged  city,  i.e.  Nineveh. 

The  clause  DmSTTlS  ywz''  is  a  misplaced  (incorrect)  gloss  to  l^y^ri  in 
V.  i*" ;  see  above,  p.  41. 

Heb.  "^30  means  here  pavise,  mantelet ;  cf .  above,  p.  13  and  the  cuts  in 
BA  3  175. 

(Q*")  Between  w.  6  and  7  we  must  insert  the  second  h^^  of  v.  9,  while 
V.  9*  must  be  inserted  between  w.  7  and  8.  The  clause  at  the  beginning 
of  V.  9^,  ffDJ  rlttm,  is  a  gloss.  The  first  word  of  this  gloss  has  displaced 
the  verbal  predicate  of  IT'^''^  at  the  end  of  v.  9*;  cf.  the  note  on  K'!'tt 
for  i<7n  in  1 11.  The  original  text  of  this  hemistich  was  '7'P'''T  •T^"'?? 
which  appears  in  the  Received  Text  as  ilSHI  K^'^  "'^''tt.  The  K  in 
ntimK\"T'tt"'a  must  be  canceled,  and  the  two  consonants  ill  should  be 
transposed ;  cf .  UTI  for  UtV,  1 7 ;  anbl  for  nmb,  3  3. 

The  imperatives  'nttU  Httl?  are  addressed  by  the  Ninevite  captains  to 
their  soldiers. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  hemistich  we  must  insert  'Ip''y2{"',  they  (the 
Ninevite  captains)  yell.  This  verb  has  dropped  out  here  just  as  a'?''T  at 
the  end  of  1 7  or  nhsn  (or  pn?n)  in  Ps.  68  24  (AJSL  23  232,  n.  36). 

*  Cf.  Lat.  iram  colligere,  sitim  ah  aestu  colligere,  etc. 


44  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

The  second  hemistich,  nJEtt  j'Ni,  refers  again  to  the  Ninevite  soldiers: 
they  do  not  turn  back  in  their  panic,  their  disorderly  flight  cannot  be 
stopped.  This  sudden  fright  of  the  soldiers  is  not  due  to  the  assault  of 
the  besiegers,  but  to  the  flooding  of  the  city.  For  the  intransitive  Hiphil 
rt:sa  cf.  "iJSn,  Jer.  47  3  quoted  in  the  note  on  in'l,  3 1. 

(7)  The  plural  nnnjn  is  due  to  the  preceding  "'ly'^r ;  cf.  JBL  19  69, 
second  paragraph ;  Numbers  49  27 ;  Kin(js  266  45.  The  phrase  does  not 
mean  the  gates  of  the  rivers,  but  the  gales  of  the  river  (singular)  i.e.  the 
three  flood-gates  (especially  the  second  and  third)  of  the  Khosar  at  the 
point  in  the  eastern  wall  of  Nineveh  where  this  river  enters  the  city; 
cf  BA  3  U6, 1.  36 ;  126,  1.  18 ;  122, 1.  28  ;  120,  1.  24,  and  Map  11  in  Col.  Biller- 
beck's  paper  cited  above,  p.  16,  n.  9.  The  gates  of  the  river  {i.e.  the 
flood-gates  in  the  three  dams  built  across  the  Khosar)  were  opened,  while 
the  sluice-gates  at  the  side  of  the  Khosar,  through  which  the  water  of 
the  river  flowed  into  the  moats  and  canals,  were  shut.  Thereupon  the 
unchecked  spring-flood  of  the  Khosar  submerged  the  city. 

The  singular  '7^^'^  is  collective ;  cf.  above,  p.  37.  It  denotes  the  royal 
palaces  in  the  Acropolis  of  Nineveh,  on  the  mound  known  as  Kouyunjik. 

Heb.  Jlfi3  means  lit.  it  is  waved  (Arab,  mauj,  plur.  amuaj  means 
wave,  billow')  i.e.  moved  up  and  down  or  to  and  fro  ;  it  is  shaken,  swayed. 
The  unchecked  flood  of  the  Khosar  undermines  the  foundation  of  the 
Acropolis,  and  the  masonry  begins  to  surge  as  a  ship  on  the  waves. 

(9*)  In  the  second  hemistich  we  must  read  ■I'^ini'  ''7'"??'P.  @  has  ra 
iJSaTa  avr^s,  3  aquae  ejus ;  "'0''^  is  not  a  dittogram  of  D'tt  (W)  nor  is 
the  form  a  reduplication  of  ''tt ;  see  Kings  200  is.  The  suffix  in  rTtt'^b 
refers  to  n2"ia,  not  to  the  river ;  the  suffix  in  ''^^'^''^^  to  the  city.  The 
form  nai.T  is  the  impf .  Qal  of  a  denominative  verb  derived  from  .TainO ; 
cf  Deut.  7  23 :  Dnaf  n  nu  Th'^:  noina  Oiani.  The  flooding  of  the  city 
produces  a  niQ  n)2in»,  1  S  5  11 ;  cf  m."l'  nainia,  Zech.  14  13.  This  denom- 
inative verb  Dili,  engulf  overwhelm,  swallow  up,  ruin,  etc.,  is  more  frequent 
than  is  generally  supposed :  all  the  forms  of  the  alleged  stem  DDH  are 
forms  of  mn.  Instead  of  DlS.'l'?  and  DOn"'!  we  must  point  D^n"?  and 
Dan'T ;  the  forms  ^JttOn  (he  has  swalloioed  me  up,  Jer.  51  34)  and  ca^n 
are  Polel  forms  of  Dll ;  even  Jian  is  derived  from  Din.  For  the  construct 
\\y:iT;[,  cf  inj,  constr.  fnT,  from  "TIT;  see  BA  1  lee,  1.  4.  The  primary  mean- 
ing of  mn  \sto  roar:  in  Assyr.  mumu  (=  mahumu,  i.e.  the  masculine  of 
naina)  Tiamat  (i.e.  the  feminine  of  Dlnn)  it  denotes  the  roaring  of  the 
billows  of  the  sea;  in  umu  (HW  33)  the  roaring  of  a  tempest;  in  jian, 
the  roaring  of  a  multitude  shouting  together.  For  Assyr.  umu,  mumu, 
Tidmat  see  note  96  to  my  paper  cited  above,  p.  15,  n.  4.  Assyr.  mummu 
(\.e.mumu)  was  combined  with  naina  by  Friedrich  Delitzsch  in  Geo. 
Smith's  Chalddische  Genesis  (Leipzig,  1876)  p.  297, 1. 10. 

(8)  For  -Stni  read  HiCni  =  ."iNStini,  she  will  be  taken  out,  i.e.  carried  off"; 
cf.  2  S  12  31  and  Kings  253  23;  for  'r\:ir\  =  .IKni  see  ibid.  119  23;  cf  the 
remarks  on  HKO,  Nah.  2  2. 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum  45 

For  nri?3,  she  was  stripped  read  Tirhi^,  she  tvas  led  into  captivity ;  the 
omission  of  the  prefix  H  is  due  to  haplography :  nnbjnnicn  became 
nn'r'lin^n ;  afterwards  the  final  H  of  n^n  was  corrupted  to  i3 ;  cf.  the 
omission  of  the  two  TVs  in  W'  h'^n  for  D^^  Th'U,  3  s. 

For  nnbyn  read  nnblJn;  cf.  O^'^nx  for  n'hri'^^  etc.  In  Assyrian 
the  causative  useli  (to  bring  up)  often  means  to  remove,  carry  off;  see 
HW  62" ;  cf.  Ps.  102  25 :  ^tt^  '::nn  'O'^un-bx,  and  our  to  bring  up  a  prize 
(German  eine  Prise  aufbringen  =  ein  Schiff  erbeuten)  =  to  capture  a  ship ; 
also  to  raise  =  to  remove ;  to  lift  =  to  take  away ;  Greek  avaipew,  Lat. 
praedam  tollere,  French  enlever  une  file  (Heb.  Xt'J,  Jud.  21-23;  cf  IS 
17  34,  etc.).  Ruben's  emendation  nTTlUn  =  Assyr.  etillitu  (which  was 
endorsed  by  Cheyne,  JBL  15  ws)  is  just  as  gratuitous  as  his  reading 
T'ltJa  for  T"'Wa,  317".  The  conjectures  proposed  by  Ruben,  PSBA 
20 173-185  are  singularly  infelicitous.  Not  one  of  the  Assyrian  and  Arabic 
■words  which  he  finds  in  Nahum  (e.g.  n017,  to  sound,  "11,  infantry,  ■]D, 
canal-bed,  rhi,  to  be  frightened,  nbni?,  lady)  occur  in  the  Book.  His 
metrical  reconstruction  of  the  text  is  impossible. 

For  the  three  synonyms,  riD^lJn  nri73n  nKlClll,  of  the  first  hemistich 
of  V.  11.  In  Jud.  5  27,  on  the  other  hand,  the  accumulation  of  synonyms 
is  due  to  scribal  expansion,  and  the  entire  verse  is  a  gloss ;  cf  ZDMG 
56  715-719  and  above,  p.  38.     We  must  read : 

nnt:-  (y)  Sdj  jno  n>Sji  ^2  (p)  ho:  y-\3  (a) 

The  second  hemistich  of  v.  8  has  dropped  out,  just  as  in  Cant.  8  12,  etc. ; 
cf.  Haupt,  Biblische  LiebesUeder  (Leipzig,  1907)  p.  47,  1.  3.  Similarly  we 
must  supply  in  Ps.  110  4  after  nnr  vh^  (m,T)  WtTi  the  hemistich  '^KDD 
oSiynU ;  cf  also  the  restoration  of  the  last  hemistich  of  couplet  iv 
of  Ps.  45  in  Haupt,  Ecclesiastes  (Baltimore,  1905)  p.  37.  After  nK2iin 
nnbrn  nnbiriwe  must  insert  "I'ran  by<l!;  cf  Ps.  45  10  Neh.  2  6.  Xen- 
ophon  {Anab.  iii,  4  11)  says  of  the  reixos  (=  Assyr.  duru,  wall,  castle, 
fortress)  near  Mespila,  i.e.  the  Acropolis  of  Nineveh  (see  above,  p.  8)  : 
ivravOa  Aeyerai  MT^'Seta  yvvr]  /3aai\ew<;  KaTa(f>vy€lv  ore  aTrw\Xv<Tav  t^v 
ap)(r]v  VTTo  Hepcruiv  M^Sot  •  ravTrjv  8k  T-qv  ttoXlv  ttoXlopkCjv  6  Hepcrwv  pa- 
o-tXeus  ovK  iSvvaro  ovre  XP°^V  eXeiv  ovt€  (Slo.  •  Zevs  8e  ^povTrj  KareTrXrj^e 
Tovs  cvoiKouvras  kol  outws  eaXw.  We  must,  of  course,  substitute  Assyrians 
for  Medians,  and  Medians  for  Persians ;  cf .  Daniel,  29  i5. 

Heb.  hit  is  identical  with  12^,  dam  (Ex.  13  12  Deut.  7  13  28  4  is  51) 
and  Assyr.  Sigreti  (for  Sigrdti)  ladies  of  the  palace ;  see  Ezra-Neh.  67  12. 
For  the  interchange  of  b  and  "1  cf.  Arab  hadil,  cooing  =hadir;  see  above, 
note  on  IM'l,  82;  cf  also  mntyntt',  chains  =  Arab,  silsila,  pi.  saldsil ; 
Aram.  NSin,  loin  (Arab.  xoQira,  pi.  xaudfir)  =  Heb.  D^:ibn  (Assyr.  xmfa) 
and  Heb.  niKh^,  widow  =  Arab,  drmala ;  also  Aram.  Kn'''7J"i»  (or  Kn'MID) 
=  Lat.  margarita,  Greek  //.apyaptTijs.     See  p.  26,  above. 


46  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

For  "ij^,  female  parent  =  7^tt^,  queen  cf.  dam  (female  parent)  =  dame 
(lady;  in  French  also  queen  in  chess)  and  .sire  (male  parent)  =  Sire 
(O  King).  Just  as  Assyr.  Sigreti,  ladies  of  the  palace,  appears  in  Hebrew 
as  "IJ5^,  female  parent  of  a  beast,  so  the  daughters  of  the  Kings  of  France 
were  formerly  known  as  les  dames  de  France,  while  in  English  dams  means 
female  parents  of  beasts.  The  b  in  hi^  instead  of  ~\  is  due  to  a  popular 
adaptation,  connecting  this  word  with  the  obscene  Heb.  verb  /Ji:' ;  cf. 
the  Talmudic  n'lDibJU^,  concubines,  Sanh.  95". 

The  verb  b^^  means  originally  (like  Arab,  sdjala  =  ^dbha)  to  pour 
out ;  Arab,  mau  ddkarin,  water  of  a  male,  denotes  semen  virile.  The  stem 
bi^  niay  be  a  Saphel  (see  above,  p.  21)  of  hi,  well  (Assyr.  gillu)  while 
"IJU',  female  parent,  may  be  a  Saphel  of  "i12,  young;  cf  Vnha,  v.  13. 
The  construct  state  of  "ijt?'  is  "i?^,  just  as  the  consti-uct  of  3^"?  is  327; 
the  form  i^l?',  Ex.  13  12  stands  for  "1^^,  i.e.  the  syncopated  byform  Sigru 
for  Sigarii,  just  as  we  have  in  Assyrian :  zikru  =  zikaru,  male,  and  a'^Vi-tu  = 
Sikaru  —  13'^  (a  Saphel  of  "13 ;  see  AJSL  23  248).  For  zikru  —  zikaru,  etc. 
(e/.  Heb.  37,  libh  —  33^,  Ubah)  see  AJSL  3  los,  1.  6 ;  and  for  the  forms  of 
the  construct  state,  AJSL  1  228,  n.  1. 

For  D^iVT^'pS  mJiIDD  iTrhttXI  cf  Assyr.  kima  summati  iddmuina  arddii 
(see  JAOS  22  8,  n.  6  and  HW  220'')  and  E.  Littmann,  Neuarabische 
Volkspoesie  (Berlin,  1902)  pp.  52  and  133,  1.  96 :  udbci  mitj  il-hamdm 
'alec  illi  udkif  'a-Sdjar  iniih,  I  will  cry  for  thee  like  a  dove  which  sits 
on  a  tree  and  moans.  Heb.  JHJ  appears  in  Arabic  as  na'aja,  to  bellow 
like  an  ox  (syn.  xdrd).  In  Assyrian  we  have  nagdgu  (HW  446'').  In 
Syriac,  NJn3  is  used  of  the  groaning  of  camels,  just  as  Arab,  kadir 
denotes  not  only  the  cooing  of  a  dove,  but  also  the  braying  of  an  ass  and 
the  roaring  of  the  sea,  etc.  (c/.  the  note  on  "irTl,  3  2,  above,  p.  37).  Arab. 
nauh  means  cooing  and  also  lament;  Arab,  nisa  nauh  means  wailing 
women,  Heb.  DIDJlpJa ;  cf.  the  translation  of  Ezekiel  (in  tlie  Polychrome 
Bible)  p.  163,  1.  7.  For  the  n  in  :n:  (=JKD,  JJ3)  see  JBL  19  cc,  1.  3; 
AJSL  22  250,  below. 

For  the  plural  ^T}'^^b  {cf  inniSJ  for  I.TllS:,  84)  we  must  not  sub- 
stitute the  singular,  in337 ;  the  form  ''337  is  the  regular  constr.  plur. 
of  337 ;  cf.  ■'331?  =  'inabe,  grapes.  Even  if  there  were  no  byform  337, 
the  plural  of  3^  might  be  "33'? ;  cf  "(2121?  for  "Sy ;  Syr.  KafaU,  ^bhi,  etc. 
(Nbldeke,  Syr.  Gr.'^,  §93).  For  heart  =  breast  cf.  the  German  phrase 
Hand  aufs  Herz. 

(10)  The  rhythm  is  improved  by  inserting  1  before  113  2°.  For  the 
unaccented  in  l^  cf  the  note  on  D'"in,  1  5. 

Before  n33  we  must  insert  77^^  I^Ji^l,  and  for  "133  we  had  better 
read  133,  just  as  we  must  substitute  133  for  1133  in  Ps.  16  9,  etc.  (cf. 
Genesis  107  so).  For  the  erroneous  insertion  of  the  mater  lectionis  ^  ci. 
Kings  301  I6.  Heb.  133  SbtT  I7t^1  would  be  in  Assyrian :  Sallata  kahitta 
Sullu  (see  HW  663"). 

The  prefixed  fi  before  'h'D'h'D  (read  mikkol-kli)  need  not  be  omitted, 
as  W  suggests. 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum  47 

(11)  The  three  terms  np7Sto1  nplSttl  .ipi3  are  generally  supposed 
to  be  substantives;  W:  Ode  und  Verodung  und  Verheerung ;  A.  R.  S. 
Kennedy  (in  Hastings'  Dictionary  of  the  Bible,  3  475*)  :  a  wild  and 
loeary  waste.  rip?2tt,  however,  is  clearly  a  fem.  part.  Pual,  and  we  had 
better  substitute  participles  (as  in  3  3)  for  the  first  two  terms,  reading 
nppiaai  r^'P'^p^,  i.e.  part.  Qal  and  Poal  of  pp^ ;  of.  Dpp3  DIppS  "2,  2  3.  The 
two  forms  were  originally  written  defective  (p!pp'2'>l^  T\pp'2)  and  the  p 
was  haplographed.  W  cites  Is.  241:  ap'^UI  pS'n  pp^'2  m,T  nsn.  On 
the  other  hand,  we  must  point  HSCDaPj/or  the  liturgy,  instead  of  113??^'?; 
see  AJSL  23  225,  n.  2;  cf  also  Kings  184  5. 

The  stem  DD)3  is  connected  with  nca ;  cf.  Ps.  6  7 :  ."IpttX  y^V  •'nyaia, 
/  water  my  bed  with  tears  ;  see  Ezekiel  64  29.  In  Syriac,  i<ri'p^  K3T  means 
watery  (i.e.  running,  tearful)  eyes ;  K"D5  ^3/,  a  watery  heart,  is  a  cowardly 
heart ;  i<37  ''P'p^  means  to  enervate.  Heb.  DD3  13^  his  heart  becomes 
watery  means  his  courage  fails ;  he  is  discouraged,  disheartened,  dejected. 
In  Arabic,  masus  means  impure,  brackish  water,  also  pure  tvater ;  cf.  Kings 
270  31.  In  Ethiopic,  masdtia,  iemsu  means  to  liquefy,  to  dissolve,  and  the 
quadriliteral  masdna,  to  putrefy,  is  derived  from  the  same  root  (DIQ  = 
DD12).  Syr.  Kn'pia  iTCnyD  means  a,  putrid  corpse.  For  KITTltr  =  ^-^bvp  = 
Kna'^ur  see  above,  on  '\f2h^  mr,  1 14. 

The  last  clause  of  v.  11,  mn«S  lltap  d'?3  ^3B1  (cf  Joel  2  6)  is  a  mis- 
placed (erroneous)  gloss  to  D''y^ritt,  v.  4 ;  see  above,  p.  43. 

(12)  The  i<l-l  after  nuntt  should  be  inserted  after  .1»K ;  cf  KLT'tt  Ps. 
24  10,  etc.  (Ges.-Kautzsch,   §136,  c;  Noldeke,  Syr.  Gr.^,  §221)  also 

Instead  of  nyna  read,  with  W,  niytt. 

For  nn'-esb  mUto  c/.  l33-i':>  t:>i:-l)a,  Jer.  47  3,  quoted  above,  p.  39. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  second  line  omit  the  relative  pronoun  ;  cf.  2,  y. 

The  addition  of  n';"iK  after  ^bn  is  superfluous ;  so,  too,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  following  verse. 

For  t^'S?  read,  with  W  (following  (S  ttov  iiropevOg  Aecov  tov  elo-eXdeiv 
cKci,  3  ad  quam  ivit  leo  ut  ingrederetur  illuc,  S>  1^07  vUDT'  X''"iK  7TK1)  K1D7. 
This  mistake  is  due  to  1^1X277  at  the  end  of  the  following  line. 

Before  ri.'"i><  omit  ".15;  this  gloss  is  derived  from  VVhi  in  the  follow- 
ing line. 

(13)  For  the  omission  of  n'"iK  before  Pl"ib  see  the  notes  on  the  pre- 
ceding verse. 

For  ""IS  read  ""la ;  cf.  tt'XS  for  m:2,  v.  4.  In  Esth.  1 18,  on  the  other 
hand,  we  must  read  '''IPI  (cf  Job  39  25)  for  '''131 ;  the  1  before  *^2rp  is  the 
Waio  apodosis :  ^2ip1  |1''1D  '"IDI  means :  Whenever  there  is  disrespect,  there 
is  wrath ;  cf .  the  gloss  in  Feci.  5  6  :  D"'73m  riib7n  Pnl3"''D,  in  many  a  dream 
there  are  vanities.  For  "'I  sufficiency  see  Proverbs  60  51.  In  Arabic,  kufia, 
sufficiency,  means  especially /r>oc/. 

(14)  The  last  couplet  is  a  Maccabean  appendix,  just  as  the  last  four 
lines  of  ^     It  is,  therefore,  not  necessary  to  substitute,  with  W,  mascu- 


48 


JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 


line  suffixes.  In  the  Maccabean  appendix  to  i  we  must  substitute  femi- 
nine forms  for  the  masculine  suffixes ;  "lllt'X  \7fi  is  a  gloss ;  see  above, 
p.  36.  The  feminine  suffixes  refer  to  the  D'DT  "I'U,  i.e.  the  Seleucidan 
Kingdom,  and  this  may  be  the  reason  why  the  beginning  of  2  has  been 
inserted  after  the  conclusion  of  1 ;  cf.  above,  p.  29. 

For  yba  ''iDn  we  must  read  again,  as  in  the  Maccabean  passage  3  4, 

For  n3D"!  read  "^I??^"!.,  thy  lair  (—  German  Lager)  i.e.  the  camp  of  the 
Syrians.  For  the  burning  of  the  Syrian  camp  |C"DS  cf.  1  Mace.  4  20. 
For  the  confusion  of  the  suffixes  cf.  the  note  on  "I  vU  nilCl  1 14  instead  of 
r'ry  ."112:1.  The  readings  .13320,  thy  thicket  (Smend  apud  W)  and 
.133~lK,  thy  den  (PSBA  20  182 ;  see  above,  ad  .inbun,  v.  8)  are  not  good. 
(S  TO  ttA^^os  (tov  read  ri33h.  In  Arabic  the  lion  is  called  er-rahid  or  er- 
rabhad ;  this  would  be  in  Hebrew :  f 311  and  f 31.  The  corruption  of 
^12:31  'to  "^331,  .1331  was  influenced  by  331.1  nibs  ti'X3  in  v.  4.  The 
scribe  who  wrote  '5I331  for  *^2i31  probably  understood  D''Ta"?3  jTXia 
(v.  .5)  to  mean  that  the  Ninevite  chariots  were  burnt. 

The  following  clause,  3in"'73«n  TT^^"')  is  a  gloss  (cf.  Ps.  137  9 ;  see 
OLZ  10  66). 

Also  fiKtt  after  ''fll31  must  be  omitted. 

The  last  clause  of  c.  2  is  a  gloss  to  the  first  verse  of  this  chapter. 


INDEX 

To  Chapters  and  Verses  of  the  Received  Text 

With  Corresponding  Sections,  Stanzas,  and  Glosses  in  the  present 

edition. 


1'' 

\ 

heading 

2    1 

3, 

iii 

3    1 

3, 

lb 

1, 

heading 

2 

ii 

2-3 

1, 

i.  ii 

2» 

X, 

i 

3 

iii 

4-7 

3, 

2b 

vii 

4 

1, 

ii 

8-11 

:, 

i.  ii,  1 

3'' 

vii 

5 

13 

12-13 

ii,  6-7 

Sb 

i 

6 

iii 

14 

2-3 

4-8 

ii-vl 

7 

iv 

15" 

5 

9" 

vii 

8 

V 

15b 

4 

9b  c 

vi 

9" 

iv 

16" 

f 

10 

viii 

9b 

iii 

16b 

M 

11 

3, 

ii 

10-14 

vi-x 

17 

K 

12 

iii 

17b 

V 

13 

0 

18-19 

iii 

14 

ii 

hatjpt:   the  book  of  nahum  49 

I       :    •  I    I  "  I  I"  I    1 

I"      I  I'll" 

mxa^r  mn^-aw  'rh'v  bay  ^33n      i4  x 

II  1 1       I     I 

■13D     1     lb     (a) 

^^'"'nSj;in  D-'B'Ta'm         3D")n  n'ntiV  ty^'D*  2   4^    (/S) 

into  i:;3p  dSd  'jsi  2  ii  (O  n;uS  n^p-j^xi  (5)  bSn  3"i'i  s  3  (7) 
nnx  13  (k)  iu  (0  nnx  (^)  "ityx  12  (77)  d^dj  nom  2  9b  (f) 
y-iXD  (m)  a-in-S:)Kn  ii:Ta3i      14     (X) 

ABBREVIATIONS 

The  abbreviations  AJSL,  BA,  HW,  JAGS,  JHUC,  OLZ,  ZDMG  are 
explained  above,  pp.  15-17,  nn.  2,  1,  11,  14,  5,  4,  respectively.  —  For  AJP, 
ASKT,  AV,  EB,  JBL,  KAT,  KB,  OT,  PSBA,  SBOT,  ZA,  ZAT,  ZK,  fJl,  <5, 
ST,  S,  3,  see  this  Journal  (JBL)  19  55 ;  cf.  AJSL  18  207  23  252  and  Haupt, 
Purim  (Leipzig,  1906)  p.  53.  — M  =  Marti;  N  =  Nowack;  "W  =  Well- 
hausen.  —  The  names  of  Biblical  Books  printed  in  italics  denote  the  Critical 
Notes  on  the  Hebrew  text  in  SBOT  ;  the  first  number  after  the  name  refers 
to  the  page  ;  the  second,  to  the  line ;  e.g.  Kings  301  le  =  Critical  Notes  on 
the  Hebrew  Text  of  the  Books  of  Kings  (SBOT)  page  301,  line  16. 


50  JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 

njn  13  (p)                      Sd  12  (tt)                      pbp  ^SD«n  15»  (o) 

S^ix  '3-S;;    iSflJI  1>'ir-DK  12'>  (<r) 

-|1t!?N  -[So  18   (v)                                          ^p«  ^II^B'  innSJ**  ^'Tk'?  13  (r) 

TDn  ^n;;-!  nin;*  xb  'd  S;t  o  (f)       Sd  19  (x)        onnn  S;r  18  (<t>) 


nin£3  13  (64) 


31J    (yy) 


o;n  W) 


•VniJI    2    17      (aa) 


•"tripSKH  Din?  jiirT' 


1  1' 


^ril  DID!  |E)1K  trrn-SlpI  IDI^I^-b^lp   3    2    i      A 


I        ':  > 


I    '    I        I 

|TT  I  l|-T 

nnbin  nn^^  vn^'is      6  iii 


'  I      I       I 


:aia3  ':5n\nm  inns:  nnn^n  n!:t'      7  iv  b 

II  III 

T  I-        :  I  I  I"  I 

'-iS^n  ':>:itr'       nnVrn*  nn'S^n  n«'2ini      8  v 

I       ,  I  I    t:  T  I     .   .   T  I         ; 

'  I  I  I      '        I  "       I 


I        "•■ii" ' 


TD'D  "bbty  I'pt^T 


DX23  nbi  np'pnai  np'piDai  nprp'a    ii  vii  c 

,••     I  '  I  ■-.      '  I '          'i  I 

:[]D^3n!2  Sdd  rhrhm  d^s-o  pai 

|T               I  I                I            '  r 

I                                                     I  T  I                     >       I                                               I" 

I      '  I  I"               I      '  I 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum 


51 


mr3  K^I2  1    1» 

^Dnx^3  nnt2^«n  »k3S:  ^ntoTin   3   8   i   a 

rh'h  K^'^-a3      lo 


I  I 

jD-p-p  ipnn 


1 1        I 


I  :    I 


11    ii     B 
14 

15" 
15* 
12 


:{}"!]nnps  'TW^]  q-'nnn  trx-nSD^}     13 

"Ti'n^'^s  ir'tt?''  "i'^:?h  1^3      is  m  c 

'11  III 

I       I  I  I        I  ,T     ••        I 

nVP  j'«1  D^ifOI  9  (5)        "iti'K  (7)         nS-3':3D  D'a  (/S)         jidk  3    8     (a) 
^D   (0)  DJ   10   (7?)  Vn   (f)  mS         9      (e) 

"iDn3  'DD"n  14  (k)  tind  n;;D       'typnn  m-oi     11     (t) 

e]>^1  t3ty£3  pS^  16f  (m)  ^nv:]o  'pin      14     (\) 

{Dr}n  ip{}3     r\niJ3  o'jinn     17>>  (;-) 
^^'D'Dipo  ;;nn-KSi""       nrnr  tyoty 

•'au'^'b  ^""iDiJDi     n^iKD  ^n'lJD'     17a 


52 


JOURNAL   OF   BIBLICAL   LITERATURE 


rr\nh^  pns-trnn 


™iT  ^3131  DhD 
I       I  I 

r|^S'!7  Say  ''3]n 
'  'I         '  I"  I 

I   '•;  •       I  I 

mr3  m*T^r  naxi 


I      1 

I"  I-     T 

I  I 


I  i 
4 

5 
6 

7 

II  ii 
14 


12    iii 
1 


I         I         I 

I       'I         I 
'  I         '  I" "     I 

°"\"^2V^  nJ3f    D's^i  {}'D''x':'tt  D^^'-oxn  i 
III  II 

II  II  I 

Tim:  "tt'^tr  TT^an  min^  •'^n 

!•      I  I  l|  I  I    T 

:nn33i  n''?'3    ""nnnDiyS  "jh^dv  sS-^n 

I  |T     \  I  I  I      I  I 

I       '    I  'i     '  I         I 

nnnt2^  a-T-ibn  n^-^pn  mppn  ^:d 


jnnaiD  4  (/s)                                                   ^"^a  jj^'d'-nS  3    1  (a) 

rraiyDD  mnsi^rDi    n'jun  d^u  mobn  4  (7) 

^'nbaji  6  (f)                        ^Jibp  nnSoDi  (e)                d'u  5  (5) 

ij'SD  in'  ■rj-Ni  Sd  n'r\)  7  (tj) 

"•3   ((c)                         niH'   1   14   (t)                        ^S-D'OnjO   typDK   I'KO  ((9) 

pi  (0         pi  12  (0          ii;'  1  14  (m)         "i:3r  20        kS  1  14  (x) 

nU'-^3i'K  k;{i}  ijniijfO  12  (0) 

pnjK  ij'niDioi    ^^in'p-D*  ■\:pi5'K  nn;n  1.3 

"■p'xSo  Sip  ni;;  j;db^'  kSi  14  (p)                                    "iK'no  2    1  (tt) 

-n«  nin-  3  (0)          uon  dio  5  (v)          S^'^Sd  (t)          n;'  1  (<r) 


•l''^;a    1    18  (XX) 


haupt:   the  book  of  nahum 


53 


tntzn  S^m  ^apD 
I         I        I 

nnsc  DV3  ii:?b 
I       I      I 

****** 

****** 
****** 

****** 
****** 

****** 
****** 


mn"'  »xi3p  Sk  1  2» 


'^1 
I         I  I 

i3a»  'itr:?^  nnn 
V3Stt  psn  x't2^'m 

I  'I  |T        • 

I        I         I 

tt^xD  nan]  man 
I      I       I 

I       t        I 

I         I"        1 1 

nin^-':'':?'  pn^nn-n^ 

v^:h  mn-'  npi 
I       I      'i 

'nan-^3'  D^sinc^  ^nn^D{} 
I  I  I 

******■« 
******  pj 

******   2^ 

******    p 
******    "^ 

******  ^ 
******   j;^ 


3" 
4 


8 

vi 

9"- 

c 

3^ 

9" 

vii 

2" 

10 


viu 


IX 


XI 


1  n3-Snji  D'ax-pK  nin^  3^ 


(7)  mn-  (|3) 

n^ano  lo  (O 


DDJ1    1     2    (a) 

mn-      3»  (5) 


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1899.     $2.50. 

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gen.  English  translation  of  the  notes  by  Prof.  J.  D. 
Prince,  Columbia  University,  New  York.  96  pp.  1895. 
$i-75- 

Part  15 :  PROVERBS,  in  black  and  red,  by  Prof.  A.  Muller  and  Prof. 
E.  Kautzsch,  Halle.  English  translation  of  the  notes  by 
Prof.  D.  B.  Macdonald,  B.  D.,  Hartford,  Conn.  86  pp. 
1901.     $1.50. 

Part  17 :  JOB,  in  four  colors,  by  Prof.  C.  Siegfried,  Jena.  English 
translation  of  the  notes  by  Prof.  R.  E.  Brunnow,  Heidel- 
berg,    so  pp.     1893.     $1.00. 

Part  18:  DANIEL,  in  black  and  red,  by  Prof.  Adolph  Kamphausen. 
Bonn.  English  translation  of  the  notes  by  Prof.  B.  W. 
Bacon,  D.  D.,  New  Haven,  and  Prof.  D.  B.  Macdonald, 
B.  D.,  Hartford.  Conn.     43  pp.     1896.     $0.80. 

Part  19 :  EZRA  AND  NEHEMIAH,  in  ten  colors,  by  Prof.  H.  Guthe, 
Leipzig,  and  Rev.  L.  W.  Batten,  Ph.  D.,  New  York.  Eng- 
lish translation  of  the  notes  by  Prof.  B.  W.  Bacon,  D.  D., 
New  Haven,  and  Prof.  D.  B.  Macdonald,  B.  D.,  Hartford. 
55  pp.     1896.     $1.00. 

Part  20 :     CHRONICLES,   in  five  colors,  by   Prof.   R.   Kittel,   Leipzig. 
English  translation   of  the  notes  by   Prof.   B.   W.   Bacon, 
D.  D.,  New  Haven.     82  pp.     1895.     $I7S- 
These  parts  may  also  be  had  in  substantial  and  attractive  cloth  bind- 
ings, in  uniform  style,  with  gilt  tops.    The  price  of  these  bindings  is  35 
cents. 

IN    PRESS 

Part    5  :     DEUTERONOMY,  by  Prof.  Geo.  A.  Smith,  Glasgow. 

EDITION   OE  LUXE 

In  compliance  witii  a  desire  expressed  by  several  distinguished  biblio- 
philes, an  edition  de  luxe  has  beeti  prepared,  printed  on  the  most  costly 
heavy  plate  paper,  in  folio,  with  broad  margins,  limited  to  120  copies 
signed  and  numbered  by  the  General  Editor.  Special  prospectus  of  this 
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Of  Jeremiah,  Ezekiel,  Psalms,  and  Daniel,  there  is  also  a  large 
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POLYCHROME  BIBLE  IN  ENGLISH 

Edited   by    Professor   PAUL   HAUPT. 

Of  the  Polychrome  Bible  in  English,  the  following  parts  are  now 
ready : 

LEVITICUS,  translated  by  Prof.  S.  R.  Driver,  of  Oxford. 

JOSHUA,  translated  by  Prof.  W.  H.  Bennett,  of  London. 

JUDGES,  translated  by  Prof.  G.  F.  Moore,  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

ISAIAH,  translated  by  Prof.  T.  K.  Cheyne,  of  Oxford. 

EZEKIEL,  translated  by  Prof.  C.  H.  Toy,  of  Cambridge,  Mass. 

PSALMS,   translated  by    Prof.   Julius   Wellhausen,   of  Gottingen, 
and  Dr.  Horace  Howard  Furness,  of  Philadelphia. 

A  detailed  prospectus  of  these  parts  of  the  English  edition  of  the 
Polychrome  Bible  may  be  had  in  America  from  Messrs.  Dodd,  Mead  & 
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CONTRIBUTIONS  TO  ASSYRIOLOGY  AND 
SEMITIC  PHILOLOGY 

(Bcitrdge  zur  Assyriologie   und  Semitischen   Sprachwissenschaft.) 
Edited  by  Professor  Friedrich  Delitzsch,  and  Professor  Paul  Haupt. 

Volume  L  636  pages,  royal  8vo.,  2  portraits  and  14  plates  of  inscrip- 
tions. Price,  $10.00. — Volume  H.  645  pages,  royal  8vo.,  2  portraits  and 
83  plates  of  inscriptions.  Price,  $10.50. — Volume  III.  590  pages,  royal 
8vo.,  48  plates  of  inscriptions,  30  illustrations,  3  maps  and  i  plan.  Price, 
$10.00. — Volume  IV.  590  pages,  royal  8vo.,  19  plates.  Price,  $10.00. — 
Volume  V.  716  pages,  royal  8vo.,  with  numerous  plates  and  illustra- 
tions.    Price,  $12.00. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  very  limited  edition  in  which  the  Bcitrdge 
is  published.  The  completion  of  the  sets  of  the  older  periodicals  (the 
Zeitschrift  fiir  agyptische  Sprachc  und  Altertumskunde,  for  example) 
is  often  difficult,  if  not  quite  impossible. 

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kins Press.  Baltimore. 

ASSYRISCHES  HANDWORTERBUCH 

By    Professor    Friedrich    Delitzsch. 

750  pages.  Price,  bound  in  paper,  $12.00;  bound  in  half  leather.  $13.00. 
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THE  ASSYRIAN  E-VOWEL 

A  Contribution  to  the  Comparative   Phonology  of  the  Assyro-Baby- 
lonian  Language.     By  Professor   Paul  Haupt.     30  pages,  octavo,  price 

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THE  CHALDEAN  FLOOD  TABLET 

The  Johns  Hopkins  Press  has  on  sale  a  few  plaster  casts  of  the 
eleventh  tablet  of  the  so-called  Izdubar  or  Gilgamesh  Legends,  com- 
monly known  under  the  name  of  the  Babylonian  Nimrod  Epic.  The 
tablet  contains  the  cuneiform  text  of  the  Chaldean  Account  of  The 
Deluge  as  restored  by  Professor  Paul  Haupt  in  the  second  part  of  his 
edition  of  the  Babylonian  Nimrod  Epic.  The  text  is  based  on  thirteen 
different  copies  of  the  Flood  tablet,  the  fragments  of  which  are  pub- 
lished in  Professor  Haupt's  edition.  The  originals  were  found  during 
the  British  excavations  in  the  Valley  of  the  Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and 
are  now  preserved  in  the  British  Museum.  The  present  clay  tablet  has 
the  size  of  the  largest  Deluge  fragment  (8^x6^8  in.)  known  in  the 
Kouyunjik  collection  of  the  British  Museum  as  K  2252.  The  text  has 
been  engraved  in  clay  under  the  direction  of  Professor  Haupt  by  Rev. 
R.  Zehnpfund,  Ph.  D.,  of  Rosslau,  Germany. 

The  casts  have  been  most  carefully  finished  in  colored  plaster  so  as  to 
give  them  the  appearance  of  a  real  cuneiform  clay  tablet.  The  tablet 
contains  in  six  columns  331  lines  of  cuneiform  writing.  An  accompany- 
ing statement  gives  explicit  directions  for  the  reproduction  of  cunei- 
form tablets. 

The  present  tablet  will  be  found  especially  valuable  for  academic 
classes,  as  it  will  enable  students  who  have  not  access  to  originals  to 
study  the  cuneiform  writing.  It  is  proposed  to  issue  a  number  of  the 
most  important  Assyrian  and  Babylonian  texts  in  this  manner. 

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THE  BOOK  OF  ECCLESIASTES 

A  New  Metrical  Translation  with  an  Introduction  and  Explanatory 
Notes,  by  Professor  Paul  Haupt.     52  pp.     8vo.     Cloth.     50  cents. 


BIBLISCHE  LIEBESLffiDER 

Das  sogenannte  Hohelied  Salomos  unler  steter  Beriicksichtigung  der 
Ubersetzungen  Gocthes  und  Herders  im  Versmasse  der  Urschrift  ver- 
deutscht  und  erkliirt  von  Paul  Haupt.     192  pp.     Post  8vo.     $1.25. 


A  full  list  of  publications  will  be  sent  on  application  to 

The  Johns  Hopkins  Press, 

Baltimore,  Maryland. 


m^. 


BS1625.H374 

The  book  of  Nahum  :  a  new  metrical 

Princeton  Theological  Seminary-Speer  Library 


1    1012  00055  0436 


':!><:;•,  At  lift 


